Potenzial des IR Micro‐Imaging zur In‐situ‐Untersuchung chemischer Reaktionen in nanoporösen Katalysatoren

The in‐situ study of chemical reactions is an intensively studied research topic. A suitable method for this investigation is the IR micro‐imaging technique, which allows to record space‐ and time‐resolved IR spectra. The preparation of a suitable model system with a 3D pore system for the in‐situ recording of concentration profiles using IR micro‐imaging is described, enabling the space‐ and time‐resolved monitoring of catalytic reactions in nanoporous catalysts for the first time. The model system consists of a nanoporous glass monolith with gas‐tight sealed outer surface, therefore, enabling the recording of concentration profiles of cyclohexane and cyclohexane‐benzene mixtures as a function of time.     

空气中氡浓度日变化对平均浓度测量的影响

本文分析和估计了氡浓度的日变化对准累积型仪测量平均氡浓度的影响,指出了适当选择采样终了时间,可以减小这种影响。文中对采集浓度不变又不衰变的气体时,收集最比于 t~(1/2)。或 t(t 为采样时间)的准累积型测氡仪,在氡浓度日变化为矩形波和正弦波情况下,分别给出了其测量值与平均浓度相对偏差随采样终了时间之相位的变化曲线。     

轻水堆一迥路中放射性核素浓度的计算方法及计算机程序

本文分别对轻水堆一回路两种不同的布置方式,推导了一回路中放射性核素浓度的计算方法,并编制了计算机程序。其一是一体化布置方式,即主换热器位于压力壳内,在运行期间一回路水始终处于中子辐照之下;对此又分为在压力壳顶部有气空间和无气空间两种情况。其二是分置式布置,即主换热器位于压力壳之外,在一回路水循环期间仅部分时间处于中子辐照之下。本程序由 FORTRAN 语言编制,在 PDP-11/34 机上运行(程序介绍未写入本文)。     

选矿厂破碎设备工况参数优化研究

选矿是采矿和冶炼的一个中间环节。它在提高矿石品位使之符合冶炼要求以及合理利用国家资源方面，成为国民经济中一个不可缺少的组成部分。我国大多数大型选矿厂都是上世纪五六十年代建成投产，设计规模一般为30～40万t／a。随着我国能源的需求量越来越大，这些选矿厂在1980年～1990年间都进行了生产规模的扩建。与此同时由于最初开采的矿源已经开始枯竭，各矿山企业都寻找了新矿源，破碎处理的矿石性质也发生了改变。     

Boundary layer theory approach to the concentration layer adjacent to a ceiling wall of a hydrogen leakage: Far region

The field of the hydrogen leakage in partially open space can be divided into two main regions according to the importance of the hydrogen concentration distribution and the flow behavior. These two regions are the jet region and the boundary layer region which are adjacent to the ceiling wall of the space, resulting from impinging the hydrogen jet to the wall. The boundary layer region in turn can be divided into two regions, according to the modeling of the flow. These regions are the stagnation-point boundary layer region and the far boundary layer region. Previously, we studied the region of stagnation-point flow (Hiemenz flow) [El-Amin MF, Kanayama H. Boundary layer theory approach to the concentration layer adjacent to a ceiling wall at impinging region of a hydrogen leakage. Int J Hydrogen Energy, in press.]. The current paper is devoted to analyze the far region of the boundary layer adjacent to the ceiling wall using the boundary layer theory. Also, an experiment has been conducted on the hydrogen leakage in partially open space to estimate the concentration distribution vertically at the center of the domain under the ceiling wall. In order to verify the boundary layer theory approach, a comparison between the measurements and the boundary layer theory approximations is investigated and the results showed a good agreement. The wall shear stress, the local friction factor, the friction drag and the non-dimensional drag coefficient of the ceiling wall are calculated. Also, both momentum and concentration boundary layer thicknesses are estimated.     

Fractionation and concentration of kraft black liquor lignin with ultrafiltration

Kraft black liquor lignin is a biofuel that is separated from the cellulose during kraft pulping. Improved technology and energy integration in paper mills have led to an energy surplus at many mills. It is therefore of great interest to extract the lignin from the pulp mill and sell it as fuel to replace fossil fuel in other furnaces. The fractionation of kraft black liquor with a total dry matter content of about 15 wt% has been studied using ultrafiltration. The flux for three polymeric membranes with different cut-offs was investigated as well as their retention of lignin and other process specific substances. The retention of lignin for the three membranes with cut-offs of 4,8 and 20 kDa was 80%, 67% and 45%, respectively. The retention of sulphur and sodium was zero for all three membranes. The purity of the final lignin fuel is of importances as the ash content preferably should be as low as possible. The flux and retention during concentration and diafiltration of the black liquor were therefore studied. The dialfiltration operation was conducted in batch and semicontinuous mode. The lignin purity was 36% in the original kraft black liquor and 78% after semi-continuous dialfiltration.     

CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION ANALYSIS AT THE ENTRANCE REGION OF A FLAT SHEET PERVAPORATION MODULE FOR VOC REMOVAL

Concentration polarization is a phenomenon that is inherent in all membrane separation processes, which is difficult if not impossible to measure experimentally. Concentration polarization in a pervaporation module causes flux decline and is therefore an important issue in predicting the performance of the membrane unit for evaluation and optimization. Short-form (small L/D ratio) membrane configurations, commonly used for membrane evaluations or certain material separations, compound the complexity of process modeling that addresses concentration polarization since a substantial portion of the membrane flow channel would be considered as an “entrance region” based on the flow profile that is not fully developed. This article employed the classic boundary layer theory, combined with mass transfer phenomena in a pervaporation process that is used in volatile organic compound (VOC) removal from contaminated water sources, to theoretically analyze the concentration polarization severity in the entrance region of a flat sheet membrane module.     

Application of computational fluid dynamics analysis for improving performance of commercial scale selective catalytic reduction

The performance of commercial scale selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is strongly dependant upon the degree of mixing between NH₃ and NOx or NH₃ concentration distribution at the catalyst layer according to the reaction kinetics of SCR catalysts. Insufficient mixing of the reduction agent and NOx mass flow necessitates an uneconomically large catalyst volume and high NH₃ slip to meet the required NOx emission values. The effective methodology which can increase the performance of commercial scale SCR through improving NH₃ concentration distribution at the catalyst layer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was suggested and applied to the real operations. The operation results have shown that the performance of commercial SCR was improved from 54.4% to 74.8% as NH₃ concentration deviation at the catalyst layer was reduced from 23.6% to 8.6%. It is established that the increase of NH₃ concentration uniformity at the catalyst layer contributes to improvement of performance of commercial scale SCR.     

不同单体浓度下三种聚季铵的合成及其性质

采用不同单体浓度制得了三种系列聚季铵(即季铵盐型阳离子聚合物):丙烯酰胺-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物;丙烯酰胺-三甲基单烯丙基氯化铵共聚物和季铵化丙烯酸铵均聚物.研究了单体浓度对产物的阳离子度、分子量的影响.