Therapeutic Vaccines for HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal and Cervical Cancer: The Next De-Intensification Strategy?

The rise in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has prompted a quest for further understanding of the role of high-risk HPV in tumor initiation and progression. Patients with HPV-positive OPSCC (HPV+ OPSCC) have better prognoses than their HPV-negative counterparts; however, current therapeutic strategies for HPV+ OPSCC are overly aggressive and leave patients with life-long sequalae and poor quality of life. This highlights a need for customized treatment. Several clinical trials of treatment de-intensification to reduce acute and late toxicity without compromising efficacy have been conducted. This article reviews the differences and similarities in the pathogenesis and progression of HPV-related OPSCC compared to cervical cancer, with emphasis on the role of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines as a potential de-intensification treatment strategy. Overall, the future development of novel and effective therapeutic agents for HPV-associated head and neck tumors promises to meet the challenges posed by this growing epidemic.     

Novel Systemic Treatment Modalities Including Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the sixth most common cancers worldwide. More than half of patients with HNSCC eventually experience disease recurrence and/or metastasis, which can threaten their long-term survival. HNSCCs located in the oral cavity and larynx are usually associated with tobacco and/or alcohol use, whereas human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV16 infection, is increasingly recognized as a cause of oropharyngeal HNSCC. Despite clinical, histologic, and molecular differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs, current treatment approaches are the same. For recurrent disease, these strategies include chemotherapy, immunotherapy with PD-1-inhibitors, or a monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, that targets epidermal growth factor; these therapies can be administered either as single agents or in combination. However, these treatment strategies carry a high risk of toxic side effects; therefore, more effective and less toxic treatments are needed. The landscape of HNSCC therapy is changing significantly; numerous clinical trials are underway to test novel therapeutic options like adaptive cellular therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, new targeted therapy agents, novel immunotherapy combinations, and therapeutic vaccines. This review helps in understanding the various developments in HNSCC therapy and sheds light on the path ahead in terms of further research in this field.     

A Quantitative Genetic Study of Sclerotinia Head Rot Resistance Introgressed from the Wild Perennial Helianthus maximiliani into Cultivated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sclerotinia head rot (HR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an economically important disease of sunflower with known detrimental effects on yield and quality in humid climates worldwide. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the genetic architecture of HR resistance from a sunflower line HR21 harboring HR resistance introgressed from the wild perennial Helianthus maximiliani. An F₂ population derived from the cross of HA 234 (susceptible-line)/HR21 (resistant-line) was evaluated for HR resistance at two locations during 2019–2020. Highly significant genetic variations (p < 0.001) were observed for HR disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) in both individual and combined analyses. Broad sense heritability (H²) estimates across environments for DI and DS were 0.51 and 0.62, respectively. A high-density genetic map of 1420.287 cM was constructed with 6315 SNP/InDel markers developed using genotype-by-sequencing technology. A total of 16 genomic regions on eight sunflower chromosomes, 1, 2, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 17 were associated with HR resistance, each explaining between 3.97 to 16.67% of the phenotypic variance for HR resistance. Eleven of these QTL had resistance alleles from the HR21 parent. Molecular markers flanking the QTL will facilitate marker-assisted selection breeding for HR resistance in sunflower.     

CFD方法计算阻抗式调压室阻抗损失系数

运用CFD(计算流体力学)方法,计算了有长连接管的阻抗式调压室的阻抗损失系数.将计算结果与水力模型试验结果进行了比较,经比较发现,采用CFD方法计算得到的结果不管在变化规律还是数值上均可达到与模型试验结果相当的精度.     

Performance of a cutting tool made of steel matrix surface nano-composite produced by in situ laser melt injection technology

Steel-matrix (105WCr6 steel) surface nano-composites with (Ti,W)C micron-sized and (Fe,W)₆C nano-sized carbide precipitates were produced by in situ laser melt injection technology with subsequent heat treatment. The microhardness of a 1 mm thick nano-composite layer was found to be higher than that of the initial matrix. The machinability of the surface nano-composite by a cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheel was found lower, but still reasonable compared to the initial matrix. Cutting tools produced from our new nano-composite by the CBN wheel were found to have higher wear resistance, longer tool life and provided lower cutting forces against a C45 steel workpiece compared to the initial matrix of the nano-composite.     

关于500kV紧凑型线路架线施工中的技术问题

阐述了500 kV罗平至百色紧凑型线路工程施工和监理过程中,电气距离控制、滑车安装、导线缠绕打绞、弧垂施工、相间间隔棒安装、金具更换等技术问题及采取的有效控制措施和处理方法.     

油气钻井岩屑沉降阻力计算模型

油气钻井过程中,破碎的岩屑在井筒钻井液中存在着自由沉降的现象,为了防止和避免岩屑沉积造成沉砂卡钻等井下安全事故,需要研究岩屑颗粒的沉降规律、预测岩屑沉降的末速度。为此,基于Stokes定律和Newton-Rittinger模型,提出了黏性阻力占比系数与压差阻力占比系数的概念,应用最小二乘法对实验数据回归得到阻力占比系数方程,分别推导出岩屑颗粒在牛顿流体与幂律流体中沉降时非斯托克斯区域的阻力计算模型,并通过该模型依据沉积实验数据对岩屑颗粒的沉降末速度进行计算和分析。研究结果表明:(1)岩屑颗粒在幂律流体中沉降时,所受到的黏性阻力和压差阻力不仅与颗粒雷诺数相关,而且还与流性指数及稠度系数相关;(2)岩屑颗粒在牛顿流体中沉降,当颗粒雷诺数小于2.944 6时黏性阻力大于压差阻力,当颗粒雷诺数大于2.944 6时压差阻力大于黏性阻力;(3)颗粒雷诺数小于1.11时岩屑沉降主要考虑黏性阻力,颗粒雷诺数介于1.11~500时岩屑沉降受到黏性阻力与压差阻力的共同作用,颗粒雷诺数大于500时压差阻力在岩屑沉降中占主导作用。结论认为,借助于该计算模型,当钻井液为牛顿流体时,可以预测颗粒雷诺数介于0~105的岩屑沉降末速度;当钻井液为幂律流体时,可以预测颗粒雷诺数介于0~105、流性指数介于0.062 3~1的岩屑沉降末速度;上述范围能够满足钻井工程中对于岩屑沉降速度进行预测的需求。     

带残损原材料的二维优化下料问题的研究

本文将遗传算法和模拟退火算法相结合来求解二雏优化下料问题，下料件为不规则形状，原材料上带有残损，问题具有一般性。并在Windows2000平台下，用Matlab实现上述算法。通过实例验证了该算法的有效性。     

GWO‐C: Grey wolf optimizer‐based clustering scheme for WSNs

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a prominent technology that could assist in the fourth industrial revolution. Sensor nodes present in the WSNs are functioned by a battery. It is impossible to recharge or replace the battery, hence energy is the most important resource of WSNs. Many techniques have been devised and used over the years to conserve this scarce resource of WSNs. Clustering has turned out to be one of the most efficient methods for this purpose. This paper intends to propose an efficient technique for election of cluster heads in WSNs to increase the network lifespan. For the achievement of this task, grey wolf optimizer (GWO) has been employed. In this paper, the general GWO has been modified to cater to the specific purpose of cluster head selection in WSNs. The objective function for the proposed formulation considers average intra‐cluster distance, sink distance, residual energy, and CH balancing factor. The simulations are carried out in diverse conditions. On comparison of the proposed protocol, ie, GWO‐C protocol with some well‐known clustering protocols, the obtained results prove that the proposed protocol outperforms with respect to the consumption of the energy, throughput, and the lifespan of the network. The proposed protocol forms energy‐efficient and scalable clusters.