指进,剩余油形成与分布的物理模拟

在所建立的渗流平面物理模拟实验装置上，进行了不同油水粘度比，不同驱替速度下的水驱油实验。分析了指进、剩余油形成规律及对采出程度的影响。首次提出由于指进发育造成注入端及排液端附近的剩余油开采潜力，阐述了开采速度对采出程度影响的临界特性、回流现象、不规则渗流场中指进的自相似性，出口端油流量的波动等。对相关的剩余油开采措施及在生产中提高采出程度提出了一些新的建议。     

A pseudo dual-cavity extrinsic fibre Fabry-Pérot interferometric vibrometer

An extrinsic fibre Fabry-Pérot interferometric (EFFPI) sensor for the measurement of velocity and displacement of a vibrating target has been demonstrated in this work. It operates on the principle of a pseudo-double cavity within a single interferometric or “sensing” arm which, in addition, provides a sense of direction of the moving target. This has been made possible by the introduction of a birefringent film positioned along the optical path between the sensing fibre end and the intended target. Two sets of interference signals are thus propagated and detected along one fibre arm to give robust and repeatable displacement–velocity information which have been found to be relatively independent on other external effects such as minor temperature changes. The sensor has been found to be capable of measuring the desired velocity information of an inclined target while typical excitation frequencies investigated ranged from 2 to 60 Hz. In addition, two sensor configurations have been studied, one based on “conventional” optical fibres at 780 nm while the other employs a polarisation-maintaining (PM) (PANDA type) fibre as the sensing arm and operates at 1310 nm.     

散斑检测技术及其应用

综述了散斑计量中的主要检测技术。主题包括散斑照相技术、散斑干涉技术、电子散斑干涉技术、数字散斑相关技术和时间序列散斑检测技术。介绍了散斑计量在科学和工程研究中的一些重要应用。     

A numerical analysis of cracks emanating from a square hole in a rectangular plate under biaxial loads

This note concerns with stress intensity factors of cracks emanating from a square hole in rectangular plate under biaxial loads by means of the boundary element method which consists of the non-singular displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Starfied and the crack tip displacement discontinuity elements proposed by the author. In the boundary element implementation the left or the right crack tip displacement discontinuity element is placed locally at corresponding left or right crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundary. The present numerical results illustrate that the present approach is very effective and accurate for calculating stress intensity factors of complicated cracks in a finite plate and can reveal the effect of the biaxial load and the cracked body geometry on stress intensity factors.     

Adaptive Cross Correlation for Imaging Displacements in Soils

Digital image correlation (DIC) is used in this paper to study two-dimensional spatial soil deformations nonintrusively. Adaptive cross correlation (ACC), which is an advanced cross-correlation algorithm that utilizes variable window sizing and window shifting methods, was used to reduce the errors associated with conventional DIC. Comparison of the two algorithms using a scheme of predefined digital and physical movements shows that ACC improves the accuracy and range of DIC. A model of a strip footing on sand is presented. A digital camera was used to capture consecutive images of soil deformations through a Plexiglas mold. The spatial deformation of the soil beneath the footing was obtained by correlating consecutive images using ACC. Shear strains and the failure surface were also calculated based on the displacements measured using ACC. The optical setup and digital image processing technique presented in this paper were proven to be an effective tool for studying soil–structure interaction nonintrusively.     

Uncertainty analysis of displacement measurement with Imetrum Video Gauge

Imetrum Video Gauge is a commercial image-based two-dimensional displacement measurement system which has been widely used. Its uncertainty analysis is presented in this paper. First, the procedure to use Video Gauge is introduced. Then, based on the measurement model, two major sources of uncertainty are identified: (1) the uncertainty associated with the calibration procedure u(C) which is composed of the uncertainty of the known length used in calibration u(L) and the uncertainty of the projection of the known length in the image u(D) and (2) the uncertainty associated with the measurement system itself u(P). Following the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, the uncertainties can be quantified. In the end, 60 experiments are performed to analyze the relationship between the measurement uncertainty and the working parameters, which are working distance, acquisition frequency and focal length of the lens. In order to ensure the validity of the calculation, two calculation methods are used. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) the displacement measurement uncertainty increases along with working distance and decreases with the increase of focal length. At the same time, the results indicate that using a longer known length in calibration can also reduce the measurement uncertainty. (2) u(C) is greatly influenced by the known length used in the calibration procedure. It can be reduced when u(L) is reduced. (3) Under the laboratory circumstances, reducing u(C) can greatly reduce the total measurement uncertainty. (4) The displacement measurement uncertainty is more sensitive to the measurement uncertainty of the known length used in calibration than the projection of the known length in the image. (5) As the working distance grows, the sensitivity to the known length is getting weaker and the sensitivity to the projection of the known length in the image is getting stronger. (6) When a longer focal length lens is used, the influence of the working distance to the sensitivity gets weaker. The reported results can help people better understand the characteristics of this system and better use the system for their own purposes.     

Protium removal from deuterium-tritium mixture with displacement chromatography method: Experiments and simulations

The displacement chromatography technique with a tri-column system was used to reduce the protium (H) in the deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture, and the separation performance was studied numerically by ANSYS FLUENT. The experimental results showed that the isotopic abundance of H in the D-T mixture dropped from 2.7% to an acceptable level of 0.88%. The simulation results showed that a lower porosity (θ) of the filling material made a higher separation factor, but a lower separation efficiency. The velocity of the product gas at the outlet of the separation column approximately had a linear relationship with θ^5/3/(1-θ)², which partly indicated the pore diffusion resistance. The mixed gas could contact the filling materials more sufficiently under a lower flow rate resulting in a lower protium concentration in the product gas. The separation column with a thin and long shape had a better separation performance and a lower product gas loss.     

Experimental evaluation of a distributed Brillouin sensing system for measuring extensional and shear deformation in rock

Distributed Brillouin sensing systems (DBSs) have growing applications in engineering and are attracting attention in the field of underground structures, including mining. The capability for continuous measurements of strain over large distances makes DBSs a promising monitoring approach for understanding deformation field evolution within a rock mass, particularly when the sensor is installed away from excavation damaged zone (EDZ). A purpose-built fiber optic sensing cable, a vital component of DBSs, was assessed in laboratory conditions.A test program was performed to observe DBSs response to various perturbations including strain and joint movements, including opening and shearing of joints. These tests included assessment of the strain-free cable response and the application of extensional and lateral displacement to various sensing cable lengths (strained lengths), from 1 m down to 1 cm. Furthermore, tests were done to evaluate the time-dependent behavior of the cable and to observe the effect of strain transfer using a soft host material (e.g. a soft grout) under lateral displacement.The noise level of the DBSs range was ±77 με, determined through repeated measurements on an unstrained cable. Stretching test results showed a clear linear correlation between applied strain and Brillouin frequency shift change for all strained lengths above half the spatial resolution of the DBSs. However, for strained lengths shorter than half the spatial resolution, no strain response was measurable and this is due to the applied internal signal processing of the DBSs to detect peak Brillouin gain spectrum and noise level. The stability with time of the measurements was excellent for test periods up to 15 h.Lateral displacement test results showed a less consistent response compared to tension tests for a given applied displacement. Although the Brillouin frequency shift change is correlated linearly with the applied displacement in tension, it shows a parabolic variation with lateral displacement. Moreover, the registered frequency response (correlated with strain) of the system decreased significantly when the sensing cable was embedded in a sand-filled tube compared with direct cable displacement.     

Autonomous dynamic displacement estimation from data fusion of acceleration and intermittent displacement measurements

Addressing the importance of displacement measurement of structural responses in the field of structural health monitoring, this paper presents an autonomous algorithm for dynamic displacement estimation from acceleration integration fused with displacement data intermittently measured. The presented acceleration integration algorithm of multi-rate Kalman filtering distinguishes itself from the past study in the literature by explicitly considering acceleration measurement bias. Furthermore, the algorithm is formulated by unique state definition of integration errors and error dynamics system modeling. To showcase performance of the algorithm, a series of laboratory dynamic experiments for measuring structural responses of acceleration and displacement are conducted. Improved results are demonstrated through comparison between the proposed and past study.     

Investigation of response of metro tunnels due to adjacent large excavation and protective measures in soft soils

The inevitable influence of large excavation in soft soils on nearby tunnels is of great concern in practice. In this paper, the influence of a nearby large excavation on existing metro tunnels of the Ningbo Metro Line 1 in sensitive soft soils is investigated and presented. Considerable displacement in the left tunnel closer to the excavation induced by the nearby excavation was revealed by field monitoring. Visible cracks and leakages were observed in left tunnel linings. Three dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the responses of the ground and left tunnel due to the adjacent excavation. The development of bending moment and displacement of the left tunnel during different construction stages of the nearby excavation is obtained. Then the interaction mechanism between the nearby excavation, surrounding soils and existing twin tunnels is investigated, which is of significance to the interpretation of the influence of the nearby excavation on the existing twin tunnels. Several protective measures for alleviating the influence of adjacent excavation on left tunnel are studied, including divided excavation, soil improvement and a cut-off wall. It is found that the left tunnel is influenced to varying degrees during different construction stages and the time effect is distinct for this large excavation in soft soils, which would be suggestive to engineers to pay more attention to the protection of adjacent tunnel during the crucial construction stages. The bending moment and displacement of the left tunnel is strongly related to the unloading effects and displacement of surrounding soils, which can be alleviated by means of proper improvement of excavation sequence. Comparatively, longitudinally divided excavation is more effective in protecting the left tunnel than soil improvement or a cut-off wall. This study is of certain reference value for protecting metro tunnels adjacent excavation in soft soils.