Brainwave Classification for Character-Writing Application Using EMD-Based GMM and KELM Approaches

A brainwave classification, which does not involve any limb movement and stimulus for character-writing applications, benefits impaired people, in terms of practical communication, because it allows users to command a device/computer directly via electroencephalogram signals. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) features along with the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM)-based classifiers. For this purpose, firstly, we introduce EMD to decompose EEG signals into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), which actually are used as the input features of the brainwave classification for the character-writing application. We hypothesize that EMD along with the appropriate IMF is quite powerful for the brainwave classification, in terms of character applications, because of the wavelet-like decomposition without any down sampling process. Secondly, by getting motivated with shallow learning classifiers, we can provide promising performance for the classification of binary classes, GMM and KELM, which are applied for the learning of features along with the brainwave classification. Lastly, we propose a new method by combining GMM and KELM to fuse the merits of different classifiers. Moreover, the proposed methods are validated by using the volunteer-independent 5-fold cross-validation and accuracy as a standard measurement. The experimental results showed that EMD with the proper IMF achieved better results than the conventional discrete wavelet transform (DWT) feature. Moreover, we found that the EMD feature along with the GMM/KELM-based classifier provides the average accuracy of 77.40% and 80.10%, respectively, which could perform better than the conventional methods where we use DWT along with the artificial neural network classifier in order to get the average accuracy of 80.60%. Furthermore, we obtained the improved performance by combining GMM and KELM, i.e., average accuracy of 80.60%. These outcomes exhibit the usefulness of the EMD feature combining with GMM and KELM based classifiers for the brainwave classification in terms of the Character-Writing application, which do not require any limb movement and stimulus.     

基于EMD和奇异值分解技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

提出了基于EMD(Empirical mode decomposition)和奇异值分解技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。采用EMD方法将滚动轴承振动信号分解成若干个基本模式分量(Intrinsic mode function，IMF)之和，并形成初始特征向量矩阵。然后对初始特征向量矩阵进行奇异值分解得到矩阵的奇异值，将其作为滚动轴承振动信号的状态特征向量，通过建立Mahalanobis距离判剐函数判断滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型。实验数据的分析结果表明，本文方法能有效地应用于滚动轴承故障诊断。     

基于分形维数的PMSM局部退磁故障诊断

为了实现永磁同步电机(PMSM)永磁体局部退磁故障诊断,首先建立计及永磁体局部退磁故障的PMSM数学模型,实现永磁体局部退磁故障电气特性的定性与定量描述。在此基础上,提出了集成自适应基波提取和经验模态分解(EMD)于一体,基于分形维数的永磁体局部退磁故障诊断方法。最后,通过PMSM驱动系统稳态和动态运行工况对所提出的永磁体局部退磁故障诊断方法进行仿真测试和实验验证,综合系统仿真和实验验证结果证实了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于EMD算法的光栅莫尔条纹信号去噪方法研究

针对计量光栅莫尔条纹信号的质量问题,提出了基于经验模态分解（EMD）算法对非平稳光栅莫尔条纹信号模型的去噪方法。建立非平稳的光栅时变信号模型,利用EMD算法不需要定义滤波器参数的自适应性优点,对添加不同噪声的多组光栅信号模型进行了滤波分析的仿真实验,其信噪比和均方根误差两项指标优于均值滤波、小波阈值去噪方法。对两路正余弦理想信号添加高次谐波分量,通过对比EMD算法抑制高次谐波前后的李萨如图形,验证了该方法在去噪过程中对光栅莫尔条纹信号正弦性误差补偿的良好效果。     

基于EMD-小波包的随钻测量信号去噪方法

为了降低随钻测量过程中噪声对信号的影响,针对经验模态分解(EMD)去噪方法粗糙和小波包去噪方法缺乏自适应的问题,提出了一种基于EMD-小波包的随钻测量信号去噪方法。利用EMD分解自适应的特点将随钻测量信号分解成几个IMF分量;根据信号自相关函数的特性找出主要含噪的IMF分量,再利用小波包阈值去噪方法将含噪IMF分量中的噪声去除;将去噪后的IMF分量和剩余的分量重构,得到去噪后的随钻测量信号。为验证方法的有效性,进行了随钻测量实验并用该方法对采集的信号进行处理。结果表明该方法能够很好地去除随钻测量信号中噪声的干扰,提高信号的信噪比。     

基于时延自相关预处理的Hilbert-Huang变换解调

针对具有噪声干扰的旋转机械故障振动信号解调问题，提出基于时延自相关运算和经验模态分解（
EMD）方法相结合的新方法.讨论了时延相关算法的降噪原理、离散信号时延相关算法和Hilbert Huang变
换理论.采用矩形窗截断故障振动信号自相关函数的无偏估计, 获取较长时间差的部分，得到时延相关函
数.利用EMD方法对时延相关函数进行自适应滤波, 得到固有模态函数（IMF），对IMF进行Hilbert变换，
求得解调结果.不同噪声强度仿真数据和滚动轴承故障振动信号实验数据分析表明，该方法比直接解调或
仅采用时延相关解调更能有效抑制噪声，凸现信号调制信息.     

基于经验小波变换的机械故障诊断方法研究

经验小波变换(EWT)是一种新的自适应信号分解方法,该方法继承了 EMD 和小波分析方法的各自优点,通过提取频域极大值点自适应地分割傅里叶频谱以分离不同的模态,然后在频域自适应地构造带通滤波器组从而构造正交小波函数,以提取具有紧支撑傅立叶频谱的调幅-调频(AM-FM)成分。本文将该方法引用到机械故障诊断中,提出了一种基于经验小波变换的机械故障诊断方法,并与EMD方法进行了对比分析。仿真结果表明,经验小波变换方法明显优于EMD方法,能有效地分解出信号的固有模态。与 EMD 相比较,该方法具有分解的模态少,不存在虚假的模态,计算量小,且在理论上具有易理解性等特点。最后将该方法应用到转子碰磨故障诊断中,实验结果进一步验证了该方法的有效性,能够有效地揭示出碰磨故障数据的频率结构,区分碰磨故障的严重程度。     

基于核主分量分析的经验模式分解及其工程应用

若信号的信噪比较小,经验模式分解不能正确分解出基本模式分量,分量中含有伪分量。根据此种情况,提出一种核主分量分析与经验模式分解相结合的方法。该方法首先建立信号相空间,利用核主分量分析方法提取相空间的核主分量,然后利用投影逆过程将得到的核主分量逆向投影回原相空间,从而重建信号相空间。最后对重建的相空间所对应的信号作经验模式分解。此方法可以有效消除噪声和冗余对经验模式分解的影响,提高经验模式分解的适应能力保证分解的有效性,确保其能够分解出正确的基本模式分量。通过工程实例进一步验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于经验模态分解和BP神经网络的油气两相流流型辨识

基于经验模态分解（empidcal mode decomposition，EMD）BP神经网络，提出了油气两相流流型辨识的新方法。应用EMD将差压信号分解成不同频率尺度上的单组分之和，并提取组分的归一化能量作为流型辨识特征量。BP神经网络以这些能量特征量为输入对油气两相流不同流型（包括泡状流、塞状流、层状流、弹状流和环状流）进行分类。实验结果表明，本文提出的流型辨识方法是有效的，其中泡状流、塞状流、层状流、弹状流和环状流的辨识精度分别为100％、89．4％,93．3％、96.3％和96.9％。     

FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR ROLLER BEARINGS BASED ON EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND HILBERT TRANSFORM

Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.