中国和欧盟食品接触材料新品种管理模式研究

食品接触材料新品种的风险评估及风险管理对保障食品安全、促进行业创新具有重要意义.本文通过对比我国和欧盟食品接触材料风险管理机构、法规管理框架、原料管理模式和新品种风险评估等方面的优缺点,梳理欧盟模式中值得我国借鉴的内容,为优化我国食品接触材料新品种风险评估及风险管理模式提出建议.     

Seasonal Water Level Manipulation for Flood Risk Management Influences Home‐Range Size of Common Bream Abramis brama L. in a Lowland River

The increased threat of flooding from climate change requires ever greater management of rivers to alleviate flood risk. Although the impacts of river modification on fish communities are well documented, the effects of river management practices on fish behaviour have received relatively little attention. Here, a long‐term (4 years) acoustic telemetry study was used to analyse the spatial–temporal behaviour of common bream in a lowland river system (River Witham, Lincolnshire, UK) in which water levels are artificially manipulated biannually as part of a flood storage strategy. Levels are lowered in the autumn and increased again in the spring, to increase in‐river winter flood storage capacity. Home‐range size varied according to season, with home ranges being larger in the spring and summer months in comparison with those recorded during the autumn and winter months. When water levels within the river system were artificially manipulated, the bream responded by altering their home‐range size, increasing it after the levels had been raised and reducing it following the lowering of the river levels. This is in contrast to the cumulative overall distances bream were recorded to travel, which were unaffected by water level manipulation, suggesting water level manipulation did not affect activity levels. Although such changes in behaviour do not necessarily equate to a negative impact on fitness, reduced home‐range size brought about by water level manipulation does have implications for habitat availability and the number of competitive, predatory and parasitic interactions encountered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis based on EU Regulation No 517/2014 of new HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration and HVAC systems

The EU Regulation No 517/2014 is going to phase-out most of the refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems (R134a, R404A and R410A) because of their extended use and their high GWP values. There are very different options to replace them; however, no refrigerant has yet imposed. In this paper we review and analyze the different mixtures proposed by the AHRI as alternative refrigerants to those employed currently. These mixtures are composed by HFC refrigerants: R32, R125, R152a and R134a; and HFO refrigerants: R1234yf and R1234ze(E). It is concluded, from the theoretical analysis, that most of the new HFO/HFC mixtures perform under the HFC analyzed (although some experimental studies show the contrary) and, in most cases, do not meet the GWP restrictions approved by the European normative. Furthermore, some of the mixtures proposed would have problems due to their flammability.     

Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of arsenic,cadmium and lead content in powdered infant formula by means of quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) can enter the food chain through the environment and/or as a consequence of the manufacturing process making foodstuffs the main human exposure route to these chemical elements. The risk associated with this exposure is of such a big concern for human health that the European Food Safety Agency recommends to reduce the exposure to Cd and Pb so as to protect especially vulnerable subgroups of population (e.g., infants). Therefore, the setting of new maximum levels (MLs) for chemical elements in infant formulae (e.g., for Cd) or the reconsideration of the existing ML for Pb is under discussion. On this basis, the availability of analytical methods, precise, accurate and sensitive enough to quantify low concentration values, is a key point especially for official control laboratories that have to state the sample compliance using a fully validated method with an associated uncertainty compliant with the requirements specified in the pertinent regulations. This work describes the development and validation of an analytical method to quantify As, Cd and Pb in powdered infant formulae based on animal protein at values of concentration close to the MLs that are likely to be set. The results obtained make the method suitable for a precise and accurate determination of these chemical elements at these low concentration values. In particular, the results for limit of quantification (LoQ) were respectively (μg kg⁻¹): As 6.2, Cd 1.2 and Pb 4.5. While for the recovery rates the following percentages were obtained: As 105%, Cd 98% and Pb 108%. The expanded uncertainties were found extremely satisfactory (Cd 13% and Pb 19%). The LoQ and the uncertainty for Pb meet the requirements set in Commission Regulation (EC) No. 333/2007 and following amendments being lower than the maximum values allowed. Even for Cd the expanded uncertainty resulted adequate in relation with the low concentration considered.     

欧盟与我国食品接触材料监管体系的对比和分析

食品接触材料的质量控制是食品安全的重要保障。本文对欧盟食品接触材料的标准法规和管理体系的特点进行了分析, 并与我国食品接触材料法规和标准体系建设的现状进行了对比。同时就如何借鉴欧盟法规和管理体系上的优点进一步加强我国食品接触材料管理体系的建设提出了建议。     

The initial impact of EU ETS verification events on stock prices

This paper studies the impact of verified emissions publications in the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on the market value of participating companies. Using event study methodology on a unique sample of 368 listed companies, we show that verified emissions only resulted in statistically significant market responses when the carbon price was high and allowance scarcity was anticipated. The cross-section analysis of abnormal returns surrounding the publication of verified emissions shows that share prices decrease when actual emissions relative to allocated emissions increase. This negative relationship between allocation shortfalls and firm value is only significant for firms that are either carbon-intensive, compared to sector peers, or are less likely to pass through carbon-related costs in their product prices. The results suggest that although the EU ETS has been deemed unsuccessful so far due to over-allocation and low carbon price, shareholders initially perceived allowance holdings as value relevant. Our results highlight that a significant carbon market price and addressing pass-through costing are essential for successful future reforms of the EU ETS and other analogous carbon cap-and-trade systems implemented or planned worldwide.     

面向用户需求的儿童玩具可用性研究

目的为满足用户多样化的需求,提高产品可用性,解决儿童产品可用性及产品评价问题,提出一种面向用户需求的产品可用性评价方法。方法将儿童产品用户需求分为外观需求、操作需求和感知需求,构建以感性意象词汇为基础的产品可用性多维层次指标模型,考虑儿童的认知心理、情感方式以及行为方式,通过层次判断矩阵求解并计算各个可用性感性指标重要度和优先次序。以此为依据开展儿童玩具的设计实践,通过目标用户群对设计案例进行可用性评价,了解儿童玩具产品的可用性情况,为儿童玩具产品的设计与改进提供指导。结论本方法能对产品可用性进行有效评价,发现其中存在的问题并加以改进。     

基于具身认知的儿童智能玩具交互设计研究

目的 探究具身认知视角下的儿童智能玩具交互设计方法。方法 通过对具身认知和信息加工两种认知理论模型进行对比分析,提炼具身认知理论的核心特征;通过对具身交互和儿童智能玩具交互设计的具身性进行研究,发现将具身认知引入儿童智能玩具交互设计的机会和意义;通过分析儿童的具身认知特性并结合前期相关研究,构建基于具身认知的儿童智能玩具交互设计方法。结论 具身是儿童认识和理解世界最本能的方式。儿童智能玩具的交互设计需要同时考虑到儿童的具身认知特性以及融合了物理实体和虚拟计算在内的复杂交互系统的特点。通过将具身认知理论与儿童智能玩具的交互设计相结合,提出信息的多通道输入输出、交互行为的自然化和直觉化两个交互设计方法。     

基于离散余弦变换的多聚焦图像融合

文章根据可见光多聚焦图像的成像机理,提出了基于离散余弦变换的融合算法。该方法先利用DCT将图像分解为不同空间频率的分量,然后利用方向对比度的融合规则得到融合图像的DCT域矩阵,最后通过DCT逆变换得到融合图像。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效综合多聚焦图像,从而得到同一场景中所有物体都清晰的图像。与小波融合算法相比,融合后的图像质量都很好,但计算时间缩短了。     

Renewable hydrogen energy regulations,codes and standards: Challenges faced by an EU candidate country

The European Union is one of the most important players in the field of world energy with an integrated and well-organized energy market. However, energy policies in the EU are not sustainable. The EU is the world’s largest importer of fossil fuels and is leading global action in accelerating the transition to renewable energy and low-carbon economy at present. Renewables make the second-largest contribution to domestic energy production after coal.