试论民间泥塑玩具的审美与价值观

民间泥塑玩具具有造型拙朴、雕琢粗犷、色彩强烈、线条简练的特点,如何透过这些表层的现象去分析它的艺术规律和特性,认知它的内在深度和力量,从而探寻出它的审美和价值观念,是本文的重点。     

Typology of a Great River Using Fish Assemblages: Implications for the Bioassessment of the Danube River

Matching habitat typology and ecological assemblages can be useful in environmental management. We examined whether a priori defined riverine sections correspond with distinct fish assemblage types along the >2000 km long course of the Danube River, Europe. We also tested whether different sampling methods (i.e. day and night inshore electric fishing and offshore benthic trawling) provide consistent typological results. Analysis of assemblage similarities, indicator species analysis, non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and k‐means analyses indicated that fish assemblages of the a priori defined Upper‐, Middle and Lower‐Danubian sections differed slightly, but within class variability was high. Although indicator species analysis showed that the Upper‐Danube belongs to the barbel (Barbus barbus) zone and the Middle‐ and Lower Danube belong to the bream (Abramis spp) zone, indicator values of the character species were generally low. The NMDS analyses suggested a weak gradient in assemblage structure along the course of the river with relatively high variability between neighbouring sites. K‐means analyses revealed that many sampling sites were in a different class than the a priori defined sections, and classifications at other group numbers did not lead to better classification outcome. Overall, the results do not suggest clearly distinguishable assemblage types with distinct boundaries in the potamal section of a great river. Nevertheless, the division of the potamon to smaller sections may explain some variability in fish assemblage structure, and could be used for bioassessment purposes. The study also shows the importance of multihabitat and multigear surveys in the typological assessment of great rivers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nutrient cycling in a cropping system with potato, spring wheat, sugar beet, oats and nitrogen catch crops. II. Effect of catch crops on nitrate leaching in autumn and winter

The Nitrate Directive of the European Union (EU) forces agriculture to reduce nitrate emission. The current study addressed nitrate emission and nitrate-N concentrations in leachate from cropping systems with and without the cultivation of catch crops (winter rye: Secale cereale L. and forage rape: Brassica napus ssp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinksk). For this purpose, ceramic suction cups were used, installed at 80 cm below the soil surface. Soil water samples were extracted at intervals of ca 14 days over the course of three leaching seasons (September – February) in 1992–1995 on sandy soil in a crop rotation comprising potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). Nitrate-N concentration was determined in the soil water samples. In a selection of samples several cations and anions were determined in order to analyze which cations primarily leach in combination with nitrate. The water flux at 80 cm depth was calculated with the SWAP model. Nitrate-N loss per interval was obtained by multiplying the measured nitrate-N concentration and the calculated flux. Accumulation over the season yielded the total nitrate-N leaching and the seasonal flux-weighted nitrate-N concentration in leachate. Among the cases studied, the total leaching of nitrate-N ranged between 30 and 140 kg ha^–1. Over the leaching season, the flux-weighted nitrate-N concentration ranged between 5 and 25 mg L^–1. Without catch crop cultivation, that concentration exceeded the EU nitrate-N standard (11.3 mg L^–1) in all cases. Averaged for the current rotation, cultivation of catch crops would result in average nitrate-N concentrations in leachate near or below the EU nitrate standard. Nitrate-N concentrations correlated with calcium concentration and to a lesser extent with magnesium and potassium, indicating that these three ion species primarily leach in combination with nitrate. It is concluded that systematic inclusion of catch crops helps to decrease the nitrate-N concentration in leachate to values near or below the EU standard in arable rotations on sandy soils.     

Defining limits to multiple and simultaneous anthropogenic stressors in a lake ecosystem – Lake Kinneret as a case study

In this study we expanded a recently developed approach for defining acceptable levels of management policy that will allow sustainable management of water quality in a lake ecosystem. A three dimensional solution space was created to define all acceptable scenarios of N loads, P loads and lake water level (WL) thus providing an integrated tool for defining the extent of measures that will allow lake ecosystem sustainability. The approach included use of a lake ecosystem model, a quantitative system of composite water quality indices (CWQIs) and defined sustainability criteria for the ecosystem. The approach was tested on the Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) ecosystem and succeeded in defining the range of acceptable management policy through the use of long term simulations of different scenarios. Using the results of the scenarios, a number of polygons were created, defined as relative solution domain area (RSDA), which denote the permissible ranges of nutrient loads at different water levels. The polygon, and hence RSDA, boundaries represent critical values of nutrient loads allowing conservation of the lake water quality at each WL. By integrating all RSDA, a three dimensional solution space was created which defines all acceptable ranges of N loads, P loads and WL thus providing lake managers with an integrated tool for defining the extent of measures that will allow sustainability of the lake ecosystem. This novel approach is unique, and presents an example of implementation of a management tool that integrates an ecosystem model, multiple stressors and quantified water quality indices to determine limits of management actions. This approach may well be implemented to other lakes around the world suffering from water quality deterioration as a result of changes in water level and nutrients loads.     

行走类玩具动作机构设计与实例分析

四杆机构和凸轮机构在机动玩具设计中应用非常广泛,通过对两足行走和四足行走玩具动作机构分析,阐述了四杆机构在行走类玩具中的应用特点及设计注意事项.通过解剖玩具实例,说明玩具动作机构设计的灵活性和巧妙性.要求玩具设计师不但要掌握机构设计的基本原理,还要做到灵活应用,有所创新,才能不断设计出好作品.     

欧盟高炉炉料结构述评和中国球团生产的进展

回顾了国外高炉炼铁技术50多年来的发展过程,着重分析了欧盟高炉炉料结构近年来的发展趋势,提出了改善中国高炉炉料结构的意见和发展球团矿的看法.     

应用GS1系统,实现玩具产品跟踪与追溯

本文介绍了利用GS1系统,通过在玩具产供销中的各个节点及参与方进行有效的标识应用,从而实现玩具产品的跟踪与追溯,有效实现了玩具产品内部质量控制及责任回查,确保质量事故产品召回的实施.     

Roball, the Rolling Robot

Designing a mobile robotic toy is challenging work. The robot must be appealing to children and create interesting interactions while facing the wide variety of situations that can be experienced while playing with a child, and all at a reasonable cost. In this paper we present Roball, a ball-shaped robot that moves by making its external spherical shell rotate. Such design for a mobile robotic toy shows robustness in handling unstructured environments and unconstrained interactions with children. Results show that purposeful movements of the robot, its physical structure and locomotion dynamics generate interesting new games influenced by the environment and the child.     

New national construction product regulations of the German states

The European Court of Justice ruled in October 2014 that Germany had infringed the EU Construction Products Regulation because additional national requirements for harmonised products had been imposed in three cases. This means that the German practice until now, that additional national technical requirements are also imposed on harmonised construction products, will have to be abandoned. Germany has assured the EU Commission that the building regulation law will be appropriately changed by 16/10/2016. This could however not been implemented on time for various reasons, so the German states have issued enforcement decrees in order to adapt the legal situation to the ECJ judgment. The legal situation at the moment is fairly complex and confusing. This article provides a brief overview.     

The new EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) and UK water impact assessment practice

This paper considers how impact assessment practice relating to all aspects of the water environment will be affected by the transposition of the amended environmental impact assessment (EIA) Directive (2014/52/EU) into UK legislation. Key elements of the new Directive are identified, such as requirements relating to monitoring, climate change (including adaptation), biodiversity, human health and coordination with Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) (WFD) Assessment. The extent to which existing guidance and practice already meet these new requirements is assessed, through a review of relevant guidance and selected environmental statements (ESs). Key areas where water impact assessment (WIA) practice needs to be adapted to take account of the new requirements are identified. Substantial changes in practice are likely to be required to incorporate human health assessment into WIA and to demonstrate that competent experts are used to conduct WIA. New guidance will be needed relating to competent experts and improved guidance will be required for WFD Assessment.