面向用户需求的儿童玩具可用性研究

目的为满足用户多样化的需求,提高产品可用性,解决儿童产品可用性及产品评价问题,提出一种面向用户需求的产品可用性评价方法。方法将儿童产品用户需求分为外观需求、操作需求和感知需求,构建以感性意象词汇为基础的产品可用性多维层次指标模型,考虑儿童的认知心理、情感方式以及行为方式,通过层次判断矩阵求解并计算各个可用性感性指标重要度和优先次序。以此为依据开展儿童玩具的设计实践,通过目标用户群对设计案例进行可用性评价,了解儿童玩具产品的可用性情况,为儿童玩具产品的设计与改进提供指导。结论本方法能对产品可用性进行有效评价,发现其中存在的问题并加以改进。     

基于触觉感知的视障儿童玩具开发设计研究

目的探索既能让视障儿童充满乐趣,又能培养他们健康人格和提高生活信心的玩具,使之充分得到儿童的权利和社会的关爱。方法根据视障儿童的感知特征和情感特性,立足于触觉在感知外部世界发挥的作用,强化玩具的触觉体验,以触感为主导,以玩具的感知性、情感性、教育性为主线展开设计。通过采用简单的形体、凹凸处理及纹理设计、模块化的游戏方式、阶段性的认知来实现玩具的易玩性和益玩性,保障视障儿童与玩具之间自然顺畅的沟通。结论基于触觉感知的视障儿童玩具设计是一种有效的设计思路,为后续的视障儿童用品设计研究提供参考。     

基于具身认知的儿童智能玩具交互设计研究

目的 探究具身认知视角下的儿童智能玩具交互设计方法。方法 通过对具身认知和信息加工两种认知理论模型进行对比分析,提炼具身认知理论的核心特征;通过对具身交互和儿童智能玩具交互设计的具身性进行研究,发现将具身认知引入儿童智能玩具交互设计的机会和意义;通过分析儿童的具身认知特性并结合前期相关研究,构建基于具身认知的儿童智能玩具交互设计方法。结论 具身是儿童认识和理解世界最本能的方式。儿童智能玩具的交互设计需要同时考虑到儿童的具身认知特性以及融合了物理实体和虚拟计算在内的复杂交互系统的特点。通过将具身认知理论与儿童智能玩具的交互设计相结合,提出信息的多通道输入输出、交互行为的自然化和直觉化两个交互设计方法。     

Q-sort方法在提线玩偶产品设计中的应用

目的 探究Q-sort方法在传统提线玩偶产品设计中的创新与应用。方法 从现代化的游戏形式和现代玩具设计的发展趋势入手,通过Q-sort方法提取提线玩偶的隐性特征,将这些隐性特征与现代趣味性电子玩具的设计方法及现代益智类游戏的游戏形式相结合,设定该提线玩偶游戏玩具的游戏规则和总体功能,并分析其关键技术与实现手段。结论 传统提线玩偶文化产物与现代设计理念的结合,不仅在设计上创新突破,达到增强产品趣味性与刺激性的目的,同时在实际应用中也能满足儿童在心智方面发展的需求,使儿童从寓教于乐之中受益。融合了现代设计理念和技巧的提线玩偶游戏玩具构建了现代游戏玩具设计的新风格,对于提升传统提线玩偶的内在价值,传播文化信息,弘扬民族特色具有重要意义。     

基于非遗文化阳新布贴的儿童布艺玩具开发设计

目的 进一步挖掘阳新布贴的艺术特征,探索开发以阳新布贴为载体,具有鲜明时代特征的儿童布艺玩具,寻求创新发展的新途径,促进阳新布贴艺术的产业化融合。方法 从阳新布贴的起源出发,以文化因素为起点,对其艺术特征从图案、色彩、构图形式、刺绣方法几个方面进行研究探讨,并针对阳新布贴具有的特色,开发设计儿童玩教具的策略。结论 指出了阳新布贴具有多方面特色,在此基础上,提出了开发儿童布艺玩教具、儿童DIY布艺玩具的创新思路和设计策略,并为阳新布贴的传承创新提出了具体方法,对推广传播作为非遗文化的阳新布贴艺术的有效保护、合理利用和大胆创新具有借鉴作用。     

一种开放式液压实验仿真系统的研究和开发

在对各种液压元件结构特点进行分析的基础上,采用"积木"的思想和优势开发了一种开放式液压实验仿真系统。在实验时液压元件的连接和拆卸便捷,对液压参数实时提取、记录并且自动生成实验报告等相关文档,大大提高了实验的可重复性,科学性和效率。仿真系统采用面向对象方法开发而成,可以对液压系统进行自动识别和建模,并采用四阶Runge-Kutta法进行数值仿真,为液压系统的设计和优化提供了一种实用、可行的平台。整个系统实现了仿真与实验过程的无缝集成,提高了仿真与实验过程的效率,更好地为机电液一体化创新设计服务。     

欧盟RAPEX预警系统对中国服装出口的影响

通过介绍欧盟<通用产品安全指令>及非食品类快速预警系统RAPEX,分析了中国服装在欧盟屡屡受到RAPEX通报的原因以及由此产生的影响,希望藉此引起中国服装出口企业对RAPEX预警系统的重视.目前欧盟RAPEX预警系统已成为中国服装对欧盟出口的又一限制措施.     

Modelling and management of smart microgrid for rural electrification in sub-saharan Africa: The case of Nigeria

Access to electricity is still a challenge in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, over 70% of the rural dwellers do not have access to electricity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of a smart microgrid for off-grid rural electrification in Nigeria. A combination of design thinking and model-based design methodology is employed to select a suitable microgrid configuration and to develop a smart microgrid model. A system consisting of a solar photovoltaic array, battery energy storage and a diesel generator is selected, and the model is developed in Simulink. Demand data from 10 rural communities in Nigeria are used to validate the performance of the model and the potential for demand management is considered. The use of energy efficient light bulbs is found to reduce the peak electricity demand of the case study communities by 42 to 76%. Combining the proposed system with the use of LED bulbs makes the system to have 56 to 81% less net present cost than a system with a diesel generator alone and incandescent light bulbs. The proposed smart microgrid is found to be more suitable for off-grid rural electrification in Nigeria than diesel generators which are currently used for off-grid electrification in Nigeria.     

Institutionalizing EU strategic spatial planning into domestic planning systems: trajectories of change in Italy and England

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes approaching the emergence and evolution of the Europeanization of national planning using conceptual frameworks from historical institutionalism in order to shed light on the mechanisms and trajectories of domestic change arising from the influence of EU strategic planning. It seeks in particular to examine Europeanization in terms of the extent to which EU spatial planning has become a driving force for institutional changes in very different national planning systems. Returning to the changes that occurred in the Italian and English planning systems in the last two decades, the author provides insight into the attempts to insert and transpose EU spatial planning concepts and instruments into domestic systems, dealing with path dependency and European influence. By reading these processes from a historical institutionalist perspective, the paper aims to enhance understanding of the relative influence of European spatial planning on national planning systems, identifying mechanisms and trajectories of domestic change in different planning systems. Key findings concern the diverse modes and degree of institutionalization of EU strategic spatial planning, examining tendencies to replace the status quo through displacements in England and to progress through a path-dependent trajectory in Italy.     

Predicting faecal indicator fluxes using digital land use data in the UK's sentinel Water Framework Directive catchment: the Ribble study

The Ribble drainage basin is the single UK sentinel study area chosen for examining the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD 20/60/EC). The study which has generated the data for this paper was initiated to quantify 'catchment-derived' fluxes of faecal indicators originating from both point and diffuse sources to inform the competent authorities on the potential for, and prioritization of, further options for reducing the faecal indicator loadings to this crucial coastal environment. It represents the first UK drainage basin-scale 'profile' of faecal indicator sources as recommended by WHO [1999. Health Based Monitoring of Recreational Waters: The Feasibility of a New Approach; the "Annapolis Protocol". World Health Organisation Geneva, Switzerland; 2003. Guidelines for Safe Recreational-Water Environments Volume 1: Coastal and Fresh-Waters. World Health Organisation Geneva, Switzerland] and incorporated into current drafts of the revised Bathing Water Directive [Anon, 2004. Council of the European Communities Amended proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the management of bathing water quality. Brussels 23rd June]. This paper focuses on the relationships between land use and faecal indicator organism concentrations in surface waters within this very large drainage basin (1583 km2) containing some extensive urban areas. A geographical information system comprising readily available digital elevation, remotely sensed land cover and digital map data was used to generate the land use variables for subcatchments draining to 41 locations across the study area. Presumptive concentrations of coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci (colony forming unit (cfu) 100 ml(-1)) were measured at each location on at least 20 occasions over a 44-day period within the 2002 bathing season. The sampling programme targeted hydrograph events. Hydrometric records were used to allocate results as either base flow or high flow. At each site, geometric mean faecal indicator organism concentrations were significantly elevated at high flow compared to base flow. Stepwise regression modelling produced statistically significant models predicting geometric mean base and high-flow faecal indicator organism concentrations from land use variables (r2: 49.5-68.1%). The dominant predictor variable in each case was the proportion of built-up land in subcatchments, suggesting that this land use type, with associated sewage-related inputs, is a critical source of faecal indicator organisms in this drainage basin.