Growing trade of bioenergy in the EU: Public acceptability, policy harmonization, European standards and certification needs

Since 2000, the consumption of bioenergy in the European Union has grown, along with a concurrent growth in the trade of biomass for energy purposes (though traded volumes still remain small). Bioenergy production and trade will likely continue to increase into the future, driven by climate change concerns, emissions reduction targets, increasing concerns about domestic energy security and favourable policies. The harmonization of European standards and the development of certification systems are key issues to resolving potential negative effects of increased biomass trade. Certification systems not only address the issue of environmental sustainability from production to end-use, but also allow for product differentiation while adding value to sustainably produced products, which can ultimately enhance a competitive and sustainable bioenergy market. In addition to analyzing bioenergy trade growth in the European Union, a questionnaire survey of 92 bioenergy experts from eight member states within the European Union was conducted. Survey results show that bioenergy is highly accepted in the European Union but that there is a lack of European standards and policy harmonization, along with the absence of a competitive market or a certification system, all of which are necessary for sustainable production and trade of bioenergy. A large majority (63 percent) of the total respondents agreed that the certification of bioenergy is necessary to promote the sustainable use of biomass.     

入欧口罩等防护用品除了CE认证还要符合REACH法规要求

当前新冠病毒肺炎疫情正在肆虐全球,个人防护用品(PPE)的需求量猛增。欧盟安全联盟(ESF)特地发布了两篇文章,同时指出口罩等防护用品除了需满足欧盟CE认证外,还必须符合欧盟REACH法规的要求。对此进行了解读,以助企业快速应对和全面合规。     

欧盟碳关税落地对中欧贸易的影响及应对策略

2023 年 5 月 16 日,欧盟宣布将碳边境调节机制(Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism,CBAM)法案文本在《欧盟官方公报》上正式发布,并于次日(2023 年 5 月 17 日)正式生效,这是全球首个碳关税机制。欧盟是中国第二大贸易伙伴和第二大出口市场,欧盟开征碳关税必将对中国的对欧出口贸易和经济发展造成较大影响。该文对欧盟 CBAM 的发展历程、最新动态、具体内容和征收方法做了详细介绍,并在此基础上,依据中国海关进出口统计数据,分析了 CBAM 对中欧贸易的影响。目前,受影响较大的行业主要是钢铁和铝,但是未来,欧盟还将对 CBAM 进行重新评估,以确定是否扩大征收范围。中国应积极采取各种应对策略,以维护外贸企业的合法权益。     

Transposition of the EU cogeneration directive: A vision for Portugal

The potential for new, small-scale and micro-cogeneration installations in Portugal is very considerable due to the number of potential host buildings. In this work, we discuss the legal framework of the Portuguese energy market, and some modifications to accommodate the Directive, 2004/8/EC are stressed. A practical case of cogeneration is also presented, showing the application of the Annex III (b) and (c) of the Cogeneration Directive. The practical case presented shows that micro CHP can be considered highly efficient, with parameters calculated with the Directive rules. Two main improvements in Portugal's energy policy are important: improvement on the permission to access grid system and improvement on support mechanisms indexing it to PES. The Cogeneration Directive transposition is an excellent opportunity to induce a less restrictive framework for the installation of new cogeneration systems, reducing the technological barriers, namely allowing medium-voltage connection with the grid, and improving the revenues provided from these small cogeneration systems. These modifications can improve significantly the number of potential hosts for small-scale cogeneration systems.     

玩具有害化学物质检测进展

综述了近五年国内外关于玩具中有害化学物质的要求及检测方法的进展,并对提高部分新化学检测项目的准确性提出了积极的建议.     

Generation of urban road dust from anti-skid and asphalt concrete aggregates

Road dust forms an important component of airborne particulate matter in urban areas. In many winter cities the use of anti-skid aggregates and studded tires enhance the generation of mineral particles. The abrasion particles dominate the PM10 during springtime when the material deposited in snow is resuspended. This paper summarizes the results from three test series performed in a test facility to assess the factors that affect the generation of abrasion components of road dust. Concentrations, mass size distribution and composition of the particles were studied. Over 90% of the particles were aluminosilicates from either anti-skid or asphalt concrete aggregates. Mineral particles were observed mainly in the PM10 fraction, the fine fraction being 12% and submicron size being 6% of PM10 mass. The PM10 concentrations increased as a function of the amount of anti-skid aggregate dispersed. The use of anti-skid aggregate increased substantially the amount of PM10 originated from the asphalt concrete. It was concluded that anti-skid aggregate grains contribute to pavement wear. The particle size distribution of the anti-skid aggregates had great impact on PM10 emissions which were additionally enhanced by studded tires, modal composition, and texture of anti-skid aggregates. The results emphasize the interaction of tires, anti-skid aggregate, and asphalt concrete pavement in the production of dust emissions. They all must be taken into account when measures to reduce road dust are considered. The winter maintenance and springtime cleaning must be performed properly with methods which are efficient in reducing PM10 dust.     

欧盟包装和包装废弃物法令有害重金属限量评析

阐述了欧盟包装法令关于有害重金属限量的规定,对包装产品有害重金属含量检测结果进行了分析,指出了不合格包装产品的主要原因,提出了尽快研发环保型包装材料、加强包装产品有害重金属、禁用偶氮染料、甲醛、臭氧层消耗物质等环保项目检测的建议.     

A global carbon market?

This paper explores the prospects for a global carbon market as the centerpiece of any serious attempt to reach the ambitious goal for greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions set by climate scientists. My aim is to clarify the extent to which we know what policy might best support global decarbonisation. We begin by discussing what we might mean by a global carbon market and its theoretical properties. We then go on to discuss the EU Emissions Trading System experience and the recent experience with the Australian carbon tax. Next, we assess recent carbon market initiatives in the US and in China. My argument is that while establishing the amount of emissions required and dividing it up acceptably between countries requires an enormous scientific and international negotiations effort, the economic instruments to deliver the agreed targets are readily at hand.     

基于心流理论的娱乐产品创新设计

目的通过研究心流的相关理论及成果,提出适用于娱乐产品设计的创新设计方法,为娱乐产品设计寻求一种新的开发研究思路。方法以心流理论为基础,结合娱乐产品的使用人群、使用环境以及产品功能等特性,建立一种娱乐产品创新设计方法,包括具有明确的目标、准确而及时的反馈、行为与意识的统一、潜在的控制感、对时间的错觉以及符合用户审美的外观等6个要素,从而指导娱乐产品设计研究者进行更为深层的设计探索。结论基于心流理论的创新设计理念揭示了用户对于娱乐产品的需求,深刻了解用户需求从而才能通过设计提供给用户获得更极致的娱乐体验,并带来不同于其他产品的愉悦感和满足感。基于心流理论的创新设计理念,是一种从单方面的功能需求上升到精神需求层面的全新的设计方法。