应对欧盟两大法令--电子信息产品打造"绿色包装"势在必行

欧盟<两指令>,实际上是一个非常典型的绿色环保壁垒,"绿色环保"已成为进入欧盟市场的"通行证".对我国电子信息产品包装提出了新的要求.因此,研究开发、推广应用"绿色包装"材料已势在必行.文中分析了我国电子信息产品及包装材料的现状和发展前景,并提出了应对措施.     

亚里斯多德美学思想在欧洲古典园林中的体现

简要介绍了亚里斯多德的美学思想,总结了欧洲古典园林的发展历程与造园风格,并分析了亚里斯多德美学思想的各个层面在欧洲古典园林中的体现及其对欧洲古典园林艺术的影响,以期引导人们深刻领会亚里斯多德美学思想的博大精深。     

阿尔及利亚55 km铁路项目地质勘察经验小结

结合阿尔及利亚55km铁路项目地质勘察实践,总结了几点体会与经验,就前期控制性文件、勘探与室内实验操作等作了阐述,进而深切体会到我国和欧洲在地质勘察方面的差异。     

中欧蔬菜农药残留检测方法差异及应对

近年来,我国对欧盟出口蔬菜产品屡受欧盟技术性贸易措施的制约。农药残留检测方法方面的差异是主要 因素之一。本文通过分析我国出口蔬菜受阻的案例,对比了中欧农药残留检测方法数量、方法标准结构、蔬菜样品 检测技术内容和农药残留检测质量控制方面的差异,分析了我国典型出口蔬菜中农药残留检测方法方面与欧盟的差 异。在此基础上,提出整合方法标准、提高方法前处理效率、提高方法精密度和灵敏度以及进一步规范检测质量控 制4 个方面的具体对策。     

Researcher understanding of food innovations in Nordic and Southern European countries: A systematic literature review

BackgroundThe capability of agro-food firms to innovate positively influences their profits and growth. Accordingly, the literature has tried to comprehend innovation phenomena occurring within the agri-food industry which generates high levels of economic output and employment in the European Union. Nonetheless, innovation in the food industry is deeply affected by cultural heritage, habits, and institutional contexts. Europe's considerable cultural variation causes different innovations in different regions. The most evident disparities in food cultures and gastronomic approaches have been observed between Nordic and Southern European countries. Despite ample interest in comparing these two European areas, few studies in the food innovation literature have adopted a comparative approach.Scope and approachThe authors aim to identify the main research streams that study food innovations in Nordic and Southern European countries, as well as the results provided by researchers. To achieve these objectives, we conducted a systematic literature review of 67 articles in the food innovation field.Key findings and conclusionsThe review recognises six main research streams along which the academic literature has organised its debate: innovation acceptance, innovation policy initiatives, innovation networks, innovation in traditional food products, alternative food systems, and convention theory. The authors discuss the results emerging from each research stream and also the different patterns that emerge in the literature between Nordic and Southern countries of Europe.     

Validation of a lateral flow test (MRLAFMQ) for the detection of aflatoxin M1 at 50 ng l−1 in raw commingled milk

Aflatoxin M₁ contamination in dairy products is a risk when feedstuff contaminated with aflatoxin B₁ produced by moulds is consumed by milk-producing animals. Milk can be screened for aflatoxin M₁ at the European Union maximum limit of 50 ng l^?1 by a lateral flow test, the MRLAFMQ (Aflatoxin M1) Test. The method takes 15 min with no milk dilution or a sample preparation step. The lateral flow assay was validated at the Technology and Food Science Unit of the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO-T&V) according to European Union guidelines using fortified raw milk samples. A detection capability of 50 ng l^?1 was demonstrated with a false negative rate lower than 2% at 50 ng l^?1 and a false positive rate of less than 0.3%. Quantitative readings had a mean bias of +2 to 6 ng l^?1 at 50 ng l^?1 with a standard deviation of 5–8 ng l^?1. Based on the validation results, the test could be considered appropriate for milk screening prior to milk unload at dairies.     

Assessment of the impact of the European CO2 emissions trading scheme on the Portuguese chemical industry

This paper describes an assessment of the impact of the enforcement of the European carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions trading scheme on the Portuguese chemical industry, based on cost structure, CO₂ emissions, electricity consumption and allocated allowances data from a survey to four Portuguese representative units of the chemical industry sector, and considering scenarios that allow the estimation of increases on both direct and indirect production costs. These estimated cost increases were also compared with similar data from other European Industries, found in the references and with conclusions from simulation studies. Thus, it was possible to ascertain the impact of buying extra CO₂ emission permits, which could be considered as limited. It was also found that this impact is somewhat lower than the impacts for other industrial sectors.     

A numerical approach for planning offshore wind farms from regional to local scales over the Mediterranean

Renewable energy resources, such as wind, are available worldwide. Locating areas with high and continual wind sources are crucial in pre-planning of wind farms. Vast offshore areas are characterized by higher and more reliable wind resources in comparison with continental areas. However, offshore wind energy production is in a quite preliminary phase. Elaborating the potential productivity of wind farms over such areas is challenging due to sparse in situ observations. The Mediterranean basin is not an exception. In this study we are proposing numerical simulations of near-surface wind fields from regional climate models (RCMs) in order to obtain and fill the gaps in observations over the Mediterranean basin. Four simulations produced with two regional climate models are examined here. Remote sensing observations (QuikSCAT satellite) are used to assess the skill of the simulated fields. A technique for estimating the potential energy from the wind fields over the region is introduced. The wind energy potential atlas and the map of a wind turbine's functional range are presented, locating the potentially interesting sub-regions for wind farms. The ability of models to reproduce the annual cycle and the probability density function of wind speed anomalies are detailed for specified sub-regions.     

Estimation of the wave energy conversion efficiency in the Atlantic Ocean close to the European islands

This paper presents an evaluation of the efficiency of twelve state of the art wave energy converters in the Atlantic Ocean, in the vicinity of the most important European islands and archipelagos (Iceland, Archipelago of Azores, Madeira Archipelago and Canary Islands). An analysis of the wave conditions in the target areas was first performed by considering a 10-year interval (2004–2013) of wave data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. For this reason, twenty reference points, all located in water depths of about 50 m, were defined. In order to provide a general picture of the wave potential and also to highlight the presence of some hot spots, several wave parameters, such as significant wave height, mean wave direction and wave power, were evaluated. Then, for every nearshore area, based on the bivariate distributions of the sea states occurrences and also on the power matrix of each device, the performances of each wave energy converter were estimated in terms of the expected electrical power. The results of the present work provide valuable information for the future wave farm projects, which could become in the near future a reliable and effective way to produce energy in island environments.     

Food supplements and European regulation within a precautionary context: a critique and implications for nutritional, toxicological and regulatory consistency

In this paper, we review European legislation in the field of micronutrient food supplements and find it wanting. It is shown that the precautionary principle, embedded in European food legislation, pre-empts innovative developments in this field. In view of the scientific advances in micronutrients research, we subsequently critique the precautionary perspective and propose a novel outlook on micronutrients food supplements regulation. However, this requires a transition from the "survival" approach of the current deficiency-related RDAs to a "health-optimization" approach of a n(ew)-RDA. Genomic integrity is central in this envisioned transition.