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91.
The general label-placement problem consists in labeling a set of features (points, lines, regions) given a set of candidates
(rectangles, circles, ellipses, irregularly shaped labels) for each feature. The problem arises when annotating classical
cartographical maps, diagrams, or graph drawings. The size of a labeling is the number of features that receive pairwise nonintersecting
candidates. Finding an optimal solution, i.e., a labeling of maximum size, is NP-hard.
We present an approach to attack the problem in its full generality. The key idea is to separate the geometric part from
the combinatorial part of the problem. The latter is captured by the conflict graph of the candidates. We present a set of
rules that simplify the conflict graph without reducing the size of an optimal solution. Combining the application of these
rules with a simple heuristic yields near-optimal solutions.
We study competing algorithms and do a thorough empirical comparison on point-labeling data. The new algorithm we suggest
is fast, simple, and effective.
Received December 21, 1998; revised October 13, 1999. 相似文献
92.
Comments on J. J. Christensen-Szalanski and L. R. Beach's (see record 1984-21471-001) conclusion that the attention given to commentaries and replies to articles did not justify the extra space and argues that citation indexes do not measure the major usefulness of these commentaries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
93.
Comments on J. J. Christensen-Szalanski and L. R. Beach's (see record 1984-21471-001) conclusion that the attention given to commentaries and replies to articles did not justify the extra space. The author indicates that a 40% increase in space was associated with a 91% increase in citations; data do not argue against the use of commentaries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Abstract The success of the testing of volatile organic compounds emitted by animals is dependent on the creation of appropriate conditions for air sampling subsequently used to assay and identify the compounds. These conditions play a particularly important role in the investigation of pheromones, which are secreted in extremely low concentrations. The authors have not come across any previous work which offers constructional solutions, which would allow avoidance of contamination of the air samples containing volatile substances secreted by animals. A constructional solution was developed, which provides optimal conditions for their sampling and isolation. Its main advantages are as follows: the exposure chamber (the chamber in which the animal is studied) is filled with synthetic air; the exposure chamber is separated from the atmospheric air with a synthetic air “jacket”; the exposure chamber has been constructed using materials which do not release chemicals and absorb them in trace quantities. 相似文献
96.
拓展训练起源于二战时期的英国,它的理论依据是体验式教学。我校拓展训练的具体内容主要有团队组建、情景项目、高空项目和回顾总结。拓展训练对送训单位和个人都有一定的积极意义。实践证明,干部培训中引入拓展训练是可行的。当然,在干部培训中开展拓展训练还应注意以下问题:首先要注重安全问题;要加强拓展培训师的理论修养;拓展训练的项目设置应与干部培训课程相适应;干部培训中的拓展训练应把重点放在回顾总结上;最后还应对拓展训练中的项目进行创新研究,使之更加符合干部培训之用。 相似文献
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99.
M. Claeys-Bruno O. Vandenabeele-Trambouze M. Sergent M. Geffard D. Bodet M. Dobrijevic A. Commeyras R. Phan Tan Luu 《Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems》2006,80(2):186-197
In a previous paper (part I), new strategy was used for raising antibodies against hapten (< 300 Da) and the quantification of these hapten by ELISA using derivatization by chloroethyl nitrosourea (CENU). After raising antibodies against histamine, they were characterized and used for ELISA measurements. Optimal detection conditions were determined for the histamine quantification by ELISA method. The present study investigates the derivatization step of the histamine by chloroethylnitrosourea (CENU). Five factors (2 qualitative: nature of the solvent and nature of the antibodies and 3 quantitative: pH, % of solvent and time of derivatization) have been considered. Optimal reaction conditions were established by calculation of a validated model. 相似文献
100.
In order to simplify the structure of the cold end of the pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) and have a better utilization of the cold energy of the system, a single stage four-valve pulse tube refrigerator (FVPTR) with a ‘L’ type pulse tube structure and two orifice valves at the hot end of pulse tube has been constructed. Verification experiments show that a two-orifice valve structure gives different adjustments to the gas flow rate of the hot end of the pulse tube than that of the one-orifice valve structure, a lowest temperature of 72 K was obtained at a frequency of 2.5 Hz under a system average pressure of 1.6 MPa with 200 mesh bronze screens as regenerator material, 20 mesh copper screens as stuffing material of heat exchanger. Due to the difficulty in manufacturing the thin ‘L’ type pulse tube, the wall thickness of the pulse tube in the experiment is relatively bigger than that of the ordinary pulse tube, which resulted in relatively big system loss and affected the minimum temperature of the system to a certain degree. 相似文献