Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of an alternating phenylenevinylene copolymer with substituted-triphenylamine units along the backbone for bulk heterojunction and dye-sensitized solar cells

We have fabricated bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices based on the as cast and thermally annealed P:[6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends and found that these devices gave power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 1.15 and 1.60% respectively. P is a novel alternating phenylenevinylene copolymer which contains 2-cyano-3-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)acrylic acid units along the backbone and was synthesized by Heck coupling. This copolymer was soluble in common organic solvents and showed long-wavelength absorption maximum at 390-420 nm with optical band gap of 1.94 eV. The improvement of PCE after thermal annealing of the device based on the P:PCBM blend was attributed to the increase in hole mobility due to the enhanced crystallinity of P induced by thermal treatment. In addition, we have fabricated BHJ photovoltaic devices based on the as cast and thermally annealed PB:P:PCBM ternary blend. PB is a low band gap alternating phenylenevinylene copolymer with BF₂-azopyrrole complex units, which has been previously synthesized in our laboratory. We found that the device based on this ternary blend exhibited higher PCE (2.56%) as compared to either P:PCBM (1.15%) or PB:PCBM (1.57%) blend. This feature was associated with the well energy level alignment of P, PB and PCBM, the higher donor-acceptor interfaces for the exciton dissociation and the improved light harvesting property of the ternary blend. The further increase in the PCE with thermally annealed ternary blend (3.48%) has been correlated with the increase in the crystallinity of both P and PB. Finally, we used copolymer P as sensitizer for quasi solid state dye-sensitized solar cell and we achieved PCE of approximately 3.78%.     

广义希尔伯特变换在含噪信号边缘检测中的应用效果分析

从数学定义上分析了广义希尔伯特变换的基本原理及其与希尔伯特变换的区别;比较了两种变换的去噪效果;讨论了不同参数对广义希尔伯特变换去噪效果的影响,给出了其最佳参数组合。     

Modular construction of P3HT/PCBM planar-heterojunction solar cells by lamination allows elucidation of processing–structure–function relationships

Contrary to polymer solar cells with bulk-heterojunction active layers, devices with planar-heterojunction active layers allow the decoupling of active layer phase separation from constituent crystallization, and their relative influence on device performance. We fabricated planar-heterojunction devices by first processing the electron donor and electron acceptor in isolation; they were subsequently laminated across the donor–acceptor interface to establish electrical contact. Thermal annealing was intentionally avoided after lamination to maintain the pristine charge transfer interface. Lamination thus obviates the need for solvent orthogonality; more importantly, it provides independent process tuning of individual organic semiconductor layers, ultimately allowing control over constituent structural development. We found the short-circuit current density of planar-heterojunction solar cells comprising poly(3-hexyl thiophene), P3HT, and [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM, as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively, to be generally independent of the annealing history of P3HT. On the contrary, thermal annealing PCBM prior to lamination mainly led to a reduction in short-circuit current density. This deterioration is correlated with the development of preferentially oriented PCBM crystals that hinders electron transport in the vertical direction.     

Flexible organic P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction modules with more than 1 year outdoor lifetime

Flexible organic solar cells and modules based on P3ht:PCBM bulk-heterojunctions were fabricated and their lifetime was investigated under laboratory and outdoor conditions. In the laboratory cells were exposed to 1 sun illumination at 65 °C in order to accelerate the degradation. The outdoor behavior of modules was investigated at the Konarka rooftop testing setup in Lowell, MA (USA). We show that these flexible polymer solar cells have a good light stability, passing 1000 h under accelerated light soaking conditions in the laboratory, and that flexible modules survived over 1 year of outdoor exposure without performance losses.     

Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Based on Poly(3‐hexylthiophene):Indene‐C70 Bisadduct with a MoO3 Buffer Layer

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a donor, an indene‐C₇₀ bisadduct (IC₇₀BA) as an acceptor, a layer of indium tin oxide modified by MoO₃ as a positive electrode, and Ca/Al as a negative electrode are presented. The photovoltaic performance of the PSCs was optimized by controlling spin‐coating time (solvent annealing time) and thermal annealing, and the effect of the spin‐coating times on absorption spectra, X‐ray diffraction patterns, and transmission electron microscopy images of P3HT/IC₇₀BA blend films were systematically investigated. Optimized PSCs were obtained from P3HT/IC₇₀BA (1:1, w/w), which exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of 6.68%. The excellent performance of the PSCs is attributed to the higher crystallinity of P3HT and better a donor–acceptor interpenetrating network of the active layer prepared under the optimized conditions. In addition, PSCs with a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxy‐thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) buffer layer under the same optimized conditions showed a PCE of 6.20%. The results indicate that the MoO₃ buffer layer in the PSCs based on P3HT/IC₇₀BA is superior to that of the PEDOT:PSS buffer layer, not only showing a higher device stability but also resulting in a better photovoltaic performance of the PSCs.     

HT250灰口铸铁在电子工业专用设备中的应用

介绍了HT250灰口铸铁的机械性能、热处理工艺和铸造结构,阐述了铸造零件的结构优化措施和热处理工艺措施。通过应用实例的分析和验证,获得HT250灰口铸铁在电子工业专用设备中的重要用途;HT250灰口铸铁是一种重要的材料,深入研究其性能,可使其广泛地应用于设备制造行业。     

Inkjet printed silver source/drain electrodes for low-cost polymer thin film transistors

Silver tracks for source/drain (S/D) electrodes in low-cost polymer thin film transistors (TFTs) have been realized through inkjet printing technique, using heavily n-doped silicon wafer with thermally grown silicon dioxide as the substrate and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the channel material. Spin coating a layer of poly-4-vinylphenol (PVPh) onto the substrate was found to enhance the silver track uniformity and lower the cure temperature (from 300 to 210 °C). The surface roughness of the PVPh film was optimized to improve the device performance. The fabricated P3HT TFT with a channel length of 20 μm exhibited a saturation mobility of 3.5 × 10⁻2 cm²/V/s which was three times higher than that obtained in P3HT TFTs with gold S/D electrodes.     

PREVI-Lima’s Time: Positioning Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s Modern Project

Launched in 1968, the PREVI-Lima housing competition brought informal urbanisation to the attention of architects worldwide. The competition brief required the design of low-rise, high-density expandable homes, grouped in neighbourhoods. Here Sharif S Kahatt puts PREVI’s experimental project within the social, political and theoretical context of the time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

院系二级教代会的实践与思考

二级教代会是高校教代会的有机组成部分,是院系教职工参与民主管理、民主权利、民主监督的一种新的形式。它有利于激发教职工的积极性和创造性,有利于集思广益、科学决策,实现学校的可持续发展。     

基于SHT71的温湿度无线远程监控系统

针对温室大棚的温湿度采集,提出了一种无线远程系统设计方案,介绍了系统结构和软硬件设计．系统以HT46R24单片机为节点控制核心,采用了数字式微型智能传感器SHT71,通过GSM网络与上位机进行无线数据通信．当温湿度出现异常时,启动语音报警功能,控制通风装置进行环境温湿度调节．上位机软件采用VB6．0编写,实现了与温湿度采集节点的数据通信以及对采集到的数据进行处理、储存、分析等操作．实验表明,系统运行稳定,具有很好的环境适应性．