高速匀浆法提取辣蓼茎中总黄酮

以辣蓼茎为原料,对匀浆法提取辣蓼茎中总黄酮工艺进行了研究,确定了最优工艺参数:提取1次,提取时间2 min,60%的乙醇溶剂,转速为20 000 r/min,料液比为1∶25 g/m L。在最佳条件下,提取并测定了辣蓼茎中总黄酮含量,结果表明,黄酮提取率为4.75%。     

Methodology for nanoindentation-assisted prediction of macroscale elastic properties of high performance cementitious composites

This paper describes a methodology applied for determination of macroscale elastic properties of high performance cementitious composites (HPCC) based on nanoindentation measurements. For that, the elastic properties of HPCC mixtures with quartz filler and fly ash were evaluated at different length scales by nanoindentation (microscale) and the static and dynamic elastic moduli and compressive strength tests (macroscale). The nanoindentation results, obtained from a representative microlevel area by grid indentation with subsequent phase deconvolution, were complemented by an independent porosimetry test and inserted into a two-step analytical homogenization scheme to predict the overall macroscale properties. The final results indicate that the presented methodology allows a reliable advanced prediction of HPCC elastic properties, which is promising for the concrete industry since it would allow for reducing the number of large scale experiments and producing of a more predictable composite in an easier and experimentally less expensive way.     

Finite element analysis of viscoelastic composite structures based on a micromechanical material model

The stress and creep analysis of structures made of micro-heterogeneous composite materials is treated as a two-scale problem, defined as a mechanical investigation on different length scales. Reinforced composites show by definition a heterogeneous texture on the microlevel, determined by the constitutive behaviour of the matrix material and the embedded fibres as well as the characteristics of the bonding properties in the interphase. All these heterogeneities are neglected by the finite element analysis of structural elements on the macroscale, since a ficticious and homogeneous continuum with averaged properties is assumed. Therefore, the constitutive equations of the substitute material should well reflect the mechanical behaviour of the existing micro-heterogeneous composite in an average sense.The paper at hand starts with the brief outline of a micromechanical model, named generalized method of cells (GMC), which provides the macrostress responses due to macrostrain processes as well as the homogenised constitutive tensor of the substitute material. The macroscopic stresses and strains are obtained as volume averages of the corresponding microfields within a representative volume element. The effective material tensor constitutes the mapping between the macro-strains and the macro-stresses. The cells method is used for the homogenisation of the unidirectionally reinforced single layers of laminates made of viscoelastic resins and flexibly embedded elastic fibres. The algorithm for the homogenisation of the constitutive properties runs simultaneously to the finite element analysis at each point of numerical integration and provides the macro-stresses and the homogenised constitutive properties. The validity of the proposed two-scale simulation is investigated by solving boundary value problems and comparing the numerical results for the structures to the experimental data of creep and relaxation tests or analytical solutions.     

Microstructural design of connective base cells for functionally graded materials

Control of compositions and microstructures plays a significant role on developing functionally graded material (FGM). The existing fabrication technologies allow placing multiple compositions in such a way that a desirable gradient of effective physical properties can be achieved. It is interesting to explore how to design microstructure for the same purpose. This paper introduces an inverse homogenization procedure to FGM design. A quasi-periodic base cell (PBC) is optimized for attaining a specific gradient of Young's modulus. To ensure proper connectivity between adjacent PBCs, heat sinks originally used in thermal conduction problem are employed as connection constraints. The capability of this technique is demonstrated by the examples of FGM microstructural design.     

Stability Problems in Soil‐Structure Interfaces: Experimental Observations and Numerical Study

This article presents experimental results of tests on soil‐structure interfaces carried out on a new “ring simple shear” apparatus specially developed at Ecole Nationale des Ponts and Chaussées, Paris, for such studies. In this apparatus strain localization takes place at or near the surface of the rotating steel drum that forms the soil‐structure interface. Depending on the conditions of tests, in terms of surface roughness, special instrumentation is capable of recording local as well as global response. Three tests on Hostun gravel at different confining radial pressures have been conducted and a deviatoric hardening model with nonassociated flow rule has been adopted for their numerical simulations. The point of inception of strain localization based on various theoretical considerations has been discussed and experimentally verified. The post‐peak behavior is simulated by employing a homogenization technique in which the soil sample is treated as a composite material consisting of a shear band surrounded by intact material. A deviatoric strain softening model has been adopted for the shear band. It is shown that the mechanism of failure and the response of the soil sample is reasonably well simulated. Although there are some concerns regarding the homogeneity of the sample, the post‐peak stage and the overall mechanical response of gravel‐steel interface are rather well reproduced.     

Tailoring materials with prescribed elastic properties

This paper describes a method to design the periodic microstructure of a material to obtain prescribed constitutive properties. The microstructure is modelled as a truss or thin frame structure in 2 and 3 dimensions. The problem of finding the simplest possible microstructure with the prescribed elastic properties can be called an inverse homogenization problem, and is formulated as an optimization problem of finding a microstructure with the lowest possible weight which fulfils the specified behavioral requirements. A full ground structure known from topology optimization of trusses is used as starting guess for the optimization algorithm. This implies that the optimal microstructure of a base cell is found from a truss or frame structure with 120 possible members in the 2-dimensional case and 2016 possible members in the 3-dimensional case. The material parameters are found by a numerical homogenization method, using Finite-Elements to model the representative base cell, and the optimization problem is solved by an optimality criteria method.

Numerical examples in two and three dimensions show that it is possible to design materials with many different properties using base cells modelled as truss or frame works. Hereunder is shown that it is possible to tailor extreme materials, such as isotropic materials with Poisson's ratio close to − 1, 0 and 0.5, by the proposed method. Some of the proposed materials have been tested as macro models which demonstrate the expected behaviour.     

均质化制度对Mg-Li合金显微组织和机械性能的影响

研究了超轻镁锂变形合金热处理后的合金显微组织和机械性能。镁锂合金在室温条件下具有非常良好的延展性，Mg—Li—Zn系变形镁合金铸锭经不同温度、时间均匀化退火后的组织、硬度以及冷轧性能进行了研究。结果表明。Mg．9％Li-2％Zn-2％Ca合金在573K温度均匀化退火12h后合金铸锭组织均匀；而对于Mg-9％Li-2％Zn合金，523K温度均匀化退火24h后组织较好。     

Nonlinear homogenization techniques to solve masonry structures problems

The behaviour of masonry material subjected to different in-plane loading combination is studied in this work. The masonry is considered as a periodic composite material composed by a regular distribution of brick and mortar and it is analyzed using a homogenization technique. The mechanical properties of the masonry, as an orthotropic homogeneous material, depend on the geometrical and mechanical properties of the components based on the study of the equilibrium and compatibility of a basic cell. The masonry is a frictional material and its behaviour depends on the loading direction, for these reasons, a unilateral damage model is chosen for the analysis. This model describes the behaviour of brittle materials subjected to tension-compression cyclic loads based on the introduction of two damage variables and it assumes that the damage is due to the beginning and growth of cracks only in the mortar joints. It is considered that the bricks have a linear elastic constitutive relationship. Numerical applications are performed with a nonlinear finite element code in order to test the proposed procedure by comparing the results with those available in the literature and also with experimental data.     

Trefftz approximations in complex media: Accuracy and applications

Approximations by Trefftz functions are rapidly gaining popularity in the numerical solution of boundary value problems of mathematical physics. By definition, these functions satisfy locally, in weak form, the underlying differential equations of the problem, which often results in high-order or even exponential accuracy with respect to the size of the basis set. We highlight two separate examples in applied electromagnetics and photonics: (i) homogenization of periodic structures, and (ii) numerical simulation of electromagnetic waves in slab geometries. Extensive numerical evidence and theoretical considerations show that Trefftz approximations can be applied much more broadly than is traditionally done: they are effective not only in physically homogeneous regions but also in complex inhomogeneous ones. Two mechanisms underlying the high accuracy of Trefftz approximations in such complex cases are pointed out. The first one is related to trigonometric interpolation and the second one – somewhat surprisingly – to well-posedness of random matrices.