Chemical compositional characterization of eight pear cultivars grown in China

The sugar, organic acid, amino acid and fatty acid compounds of eight commercial pear cultivars were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with RI and UV detectors and gas-chromatography (GC) equipped with FID detector. The mineral composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the pear cultivars. Fructose was the dominant sugar in the eight pear varieties, followed by glucose and sucrose, while malic acid was the principal organic acid. The C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids were clearly the most abundant fatty acids, and the C18 family comprised more than 70% of the total fatty acids content. Asparagine and serine were the principal amino acids. Potassium is the most abundant mineral, followed by magnesium and calcium. The results provide important information on how to make the best use of pear cultivars investigated for different uses, which is of significance for both technological research and processing practice.     

Volatile components of raw and smoked black bream (Brama raii) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) studied by means of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of raw and smoked black bream and rainbow trout was carried out. The volatile components of the raw fish belong to a limited number of groups of compounds. Raw black bream has a higher presence of acids than raw trout, while the latter contains more alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters and phenol derivatives; both contain similar concentrations of saturated aldehydes. The volatiles of the smoked fish basically comprise the compounds also detected in the raw fish together with others produced during the processing. Smoke components detected in both smoked fish species were mainly phenol, guaiacol and syringol derivatives, ketones, acetic acid and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoked black bream contained a higher number and higher concentrations of smoke components than smoked rainbow trout. Large variations in concentrations of smoke components in the smoked fish samples indicated that the smoking process had not been totally homogeneous. The presence of autoxidatively derived compounds, such as unsaturated aldehydes, was mainly detected in some smoked bream samples, showing that this degradation process is not occurring homogeneously. The usefulness of the applied techniques for the study of volatile components of raw and smoked fish is shown. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mineral composition of frozen green asparagus

The contents of macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na, K y P) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) of frozen green asparagus were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry to investigate the possible changes during 45 and 90 days frozen storage at –18 °C. A significant decrease of mineral concentrations was observed at 45 days of frozen storage. After 90 days, modifications were not observed, except for Cu and P concentrations. The asparagus thickness factor resulted in significant differences in the Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and K contents. Frozen storage time involved smaller percentages of mineral retention in the <11 mm spear for Ni, Ca, Mg, K and P, and, for the rest of mineral elements, the frozen storage effect was similar for both thicknesses (<11 mm and >14 mm). The highest mineral concentration was found in the apical portion or tip of green asparagus, except for Mn, Cr and K. Mineral retention percentages after frozen storage time were similar in both portions (apical and basal) of the spear.     

云南不同产地玛咖挥发油成分的GC-MS检测及多元统计分析

为研究云南玛咖挥发油成分,对云南具有代表性的八个玛咖种植区样品采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对所得挥发油进行分离鉴定,应用相似度评价、聚类分析和主成分分析等多元统计方法进行分析,结果鉴定出挥发油成分59种,其中共有成分39种,这些共有成分总含量在各地玛咖样品挥发油总量中占比都超过99%。含量较高的共有成分有:异硫氰酸苄酯、苯乙腈、4-甲氧基苄基异硫氰酸酯、3-甲氧基苯乙腈、棕榈酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸、苯甲醛、9,12-亚油酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯。云南八个玛咖种植区样品挥发油成分相似,但由于含量差别而呈现出具有明显差异的两个类别。      

棉籽油脂肪酸组成分析与评价

以收集于我国棉花主产区的82 份棉籽为实验材料,用全自动索氏浸提装置提取棉籽油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和气相色谱仪对棉籽油脂肪酸组成进行定性和定量分析,探讨不同产地棉籽油脂肪酸组成的差异,并用主成分分析法对棉籽油的特征脂肪酸进行筛选。结果表明,棉籽仁出油率在18.84%～30.28%之间,平均出油率为24.95%。棉籽油中含有13 种脂肪酸,主要以亚油酸（51.99%～60.88%）、棕榈酸（18.30%～25.68%）和油酸（12.28%～18.50%）为主,其中不饱和脂肪酸占73.62%,多不饱和脂肪酸为亚油酸、亚麻酸占57.44%。除十七烷酸外,不同产地的棉籽油脂肪酸含量差异显著,并呈现明显的地域性。豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、锦葵酸、亚油酸、苹婆酸、二氢苹婆酸和花生酸是棉籽油的特征脂肪酸。     

GC-MS结合电子鼻分析茶多酚对冷藏草鱼片挥发性成分的影响

采用5.0 g/L茶多酚溶液浸泡草鱼片,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用结合电子鼻技术检测冷藏草鱼片贮藏期内挥发性成分的变化。结果表明：HS-SPME-GC-MS法共检出挥发性成分161 种,主要为醛类及醇类物质;空白组检出的醛类及醇类物质相对含量随贮藏时间的延长呈持续增长趋势,烃类物相对含量先降低后升高,酯类物质相对含量先升高后降低,其他物质含量呈现上下波动趋势。茶多酚组检出的醛类物质显著低于空白组,醇类物质在贮藏后期少量存在,己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等使鱼体呈腥味的物质大幅度降低,酸类物质相对含量增加。经电子鼻检测结果发现,茶多酚组在贮藏后期各传感器的响应值显著低于空白组。微生物检测结果表明,茶多酚处理能够有效抑制草鱼片在冷藏期内微生物包括产气细菌的生长。综上结果表明茶多酚可以显著降低冷藏草鱼片腥味物质的生成。     

水塔老陈醋大曲酵母的分离鉴定及产乙醇和乙酸乙酯特性

采用传统分离培养方法,从水塔老陈醋大曲中分离纯化出21株酵母菌,利用26S r DNA D1/D2序列分析方法结合形态学特征,对分离纯化的酵母菌进行鉴定,并用其发酵糯米糖化液,用静态顶空-气质联用的方法测定发酵后乙醇和乙酸乙酯的含量。结果发现:21株酵母菌鉴定结果为2株弗比恩酵母（Cyberlindnera fabianii）,8株扣囊复膜酵母（Saccharomycopsis fibuligera）、6株异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）、3株葡萄牙棒孢酵母（Clavispora lusitaniae）、2株东方伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia orientalis）。21株菌株发酵后产物乙醇和乙酸乙酯的含量存在较大差别,其中产生乙酸乙酯和乙醇最多的菌株分别为异常威克汉姆酵母m12（含量为4.4415 g/L）和扣囊复膜酵母q25（含量为48.577 g/L）;产生最少的则分别为扣囊复膜酵母q6（含量为0.0037 g/L）和东方伊萨酵母q12（含量为11.4555 g/L）。提示老陈醋大曲中不同种类的酵母菌在发酵中对乙醇和乙酸乙酯具有不同的贡献。      

北极海洋红球菌（Rhodococcus sp.）B7740产类胡萝卜素的提取条件优化及甲基萘醌类类胡萝卜素鉴定

利用酶的高效性和专一性破裂细菌细胞壁,实现对类胡萝卜素的温和提取并鉴定。以加酶量、酶解时间和料液比作为单因素进行正交试验,得出最优提取条件为：菌粉与溶菌酶配比1∶10（mg/mL）、酶解时间80 min、料液比1∶80（mg/mL）,此条件下类胡萝卜素提取量为675 μg/g。采用液相色谱-质谱串联进行类胡萝卜素的结构鉴定,液相色谱-质谱条件为：色谱柱YMCC30（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）、检测波长450 nm、大气压力化学电离源、正离子模式、离子源温度230 ℃、充电电压2 000 V、质荷比扫描范围200～1 200,鉴定出分子式分别为C51H76O2和C51H74O2的2 种甲基萘醌类胡萝卜素。