晶闸管式等离子弧切割机的使用与维修

本文介绍了晶闸管式等离子弧切割机的操作原理、使用和维修技术。     

Cutting force estimation in sculptured surface milling

Cutting force milling models developed up to now are mostly used for planar milling using end-mills. Only a reduced number of models applying ball-end mills have been developed. Furthermore these models usually only consider horizontal surface machining, even though the main application of ball-end mills is sculptured surface machining. This article proposes a model that is able to estimate the cutting forces in inclined surfaces machined both up-milling and down-milling. For this purpose a semi-mechanistic model has been developed that calculates the cutting forces based on a set of coefficients which depend on the material, the tool, the cutting conditions, the machining direction and the slope of the surface.A coordinate transformation has been included in order to consider the slope milling case with different cutting directions.The model has been tested on two materials, an aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 and a 52 HRC tool steel AISI H13. Validation tests have been carried out on inclined planes using different slopes and different machining directions.The results provide errors below 10% in most of the cases and both the value and shape of the predicted forces adjust the measured cutting force.     

Effect of laser fluences on the structure of carbon nitride films deposited by direct current plasma assisted pulsed laser ablation

Carbon nitride films were deposited by direct current plasma assisted pulsed laser ablation of a graphite target under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The surface morphology, composition and bonding structure of the deposited films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of laser fluences in the range 0.5–3 J/cm² on the surface morphology, composition and bonding structure of the carbon nitride films were systematically studied. As laser fluence is increased, AFM results show a great decrease in the surface roughness of carbon nitride films. FTIR and XPS results indicate an increase in the N/C ratio and the content of N atoms bonded to sp³ C, as well as a decrease in the content of H atoms and the content of N atoms boned to sp² C in the deposited films, and Raman spectra indicate an increase in the content of disordered sp² C atoms and the sp² cluster size. The increase in the film density and the decrease in the particle fraction contribute to the decrease of surface roughness with increasing laser fluence.     

Cr3Si／Crl3Ni5Si2金属间化合物合金组织与高温滑动磨损性能的研究

利用水冷铜模激光熔炼炉制得了由初生枝晶Cr3Si和枝晶间Cr3Si／Crl3Ni5Si2共晶组成的金属间化合物合金。利用OM，SEM，TEM，EDS和XRD分析了该金属间化合物的显微组织，在400℃，500℃和600℃条件下测试了其耐磨性能。结果表明，由于Cr3Si和Crl3NisSi2硬度高、原子键合力强、组织细小、均匀，在高温滑动磨损条件下具有优良的耐磨性能。     

An investigation of laser-assisted machining of Al2O3 ceramics planing

Laser-assisted machining (LAM), an alternative method of fabricating difficult-to-machine materials, uses primarily laser power to heat the local area (without necessarily evaporating or melting any material) before the material is removed. It not only efficiently reduces the cutting force during the manufacturing process but also improves the machining characteristics and geography with regard to difficult-to-machine materials, especially structural ceramics.This study on the application of laser-assisted machining to Al₂O₃ ceramics examines the measurements of cutting force and workpiece surface temperature as well as surface integrity and tool wear. Specifically, it uses the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to calculate the temperature distribution inside the ceramic workpiece during the LAM process and ensure that the laser energy causes no subsurface damage. The experimental results reveal that the LAM process efficiently reduces the cutting force by 22% (feed force) and 20% (thrust force) and produces better workpiece surface quality than conventional planing.     

奥氏体不锈钢车削时刀具磨损对切削因素和表面质量的影响研究

研究了奥氏体不锈钢车削加工过程中刀具后刀面磨损对切削力、切削温度、粗糙度及残余应力影响规律。试验结果表明:当刀具后刀面磨损在一定范围内,F_x与F_z随磨损量的增加而显著增大,而F_y基本保持不变;温度随刀具后刀面磨损量增加而显著增大;工件的表面粗糙度随刀具后刀面磨损量增大而增大;当车刀后刀面磨损为0.167 mm时,工件加工表面的残余应力最大。     

Suppression of the development of pores during laser-induced surface dispersion of TiC into aluminium, by means of a static magnetic field

A static magnetic field having the strength of B=0.6 T has been used as an additional process parameter in order to suppress the establishment of pores while dispersing TiC particles in surface layers of aluminium alloys using a laser. The migration of hydrogen towards regions of high temperatures within the melting pool can lead to the creation of gas bubbles, therefore yielding pores after resolidification in the processed layer. This mechanism (known for instance in welding technologies of aluminium) could be suppressed by Lorentz-forces induced by an externally applied magnetic field. It could be shown experimentally that magnetic fields could assist laser surface treatment processes beneficially if higher beam powers were coupled in. This may be interesting if, for instance, thicker dispersed layers should be achieved.     

An improved cutting force and surface topography prediction model in end milling

During the milling operation, the cutting forces will induce vibration on the cutting tool, the workpiece, and the fixtures, which will affect the surface integrity of the final part and consequently the product's quality. In this paper, a generic and improved model is introduced to simultaneously predict the conventional cutting forces along with 3D surface topography during side milling operation. The model incorporates the effects of tool runout, tool deflection, system dynamics, flank face wear, and the tool tilting on the surface roughness. An improved technique to calculate the instantaneous chip thickness is also presented. The model predictions on cutting forces and surface roughness and topography agreed well with experimental results.     

Behavior of laser welded steel in chloride solution studied using difference imaging

In situ imaging techniques in conjunction with electrochemical measurements were used to study the behavior of steel surfaces in simple chloride solutions. The imaging method detected the presence of significantly thicker uniform layers than the original passive oxide. The layers were found to form in chloride after the steel was anodically polarized following reduction of the passive oxide film. The growth of the layer depended on the degree of prior passive oxide reduction. Formation of the layer was also sensitive to underlying structure and enabled rapid location of regions of higher corrosion rate across laser welds in steels.     

旋风管内气相的湍流运动特性

利用二维激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)测量了旋风管内湍流运动的时均速度、脉动速度、能谱函数、微分尺度及湍流耗散等参数，对湍流特性参数分布进行了详细的描述，并初步分析了旋风管内湍流运动特性对颗粒分离的影响.