A NOTE ON THE REDUCED EFFICIENCY OF THE INDUSTRIAL CYCLONE

In this paper a theoretical investigation into the basis of the reduced efficiency of a conical cyclone is performed. By considering the flow in a region where viscosity is unimportant an analytical solution to the problem is obtained. From this model the performance of the cyclone is evaluated and this can be expressed in terms of three operating and design parameters. One of these parameters is the split ratio, that is the proportion of the volume of fluid entering the cyclone which goes to the underflow. It is demonstrated mathematically that the empirical formula for the reduced efficiency at present in common use is a very good absolute measure of the separating ability of a cyclone.     

Practical validation of the two-fluid model applied to dense gas-solid flows in fluidized beds

This paper discusses the simulation of bubbling gas-solid flows by using the Eulerian two-fluid approach. Predictions of particle motion, bed expansion, bubble size and bubble velocity in bubbling beds containing Geldart B particles are compared with experimental results and correlations found in the literature. In addition, gas mixing in a bed of Geldart A particles is investigated.An in-house code has been developed based on the finite-volume method and the time-splitting approach using a staggered grid arrangement. The velocities in both phases are obtained by solving the 2D Reynolds-averaged Navier/Stokes equations using a partial elimination algorithm (PEA) and a coupled solver. The k-ε turbulence model is used to describe the turbulent quantities in the continuous phase.In general, the model predictions are in good agreement with experimental data found in the literature. Most important observations are: the level of the restitution coefficient was found to be crucial in order to obtain successful results from 2D axisymmetric simulations of a system containing Geldart B particles. Bubble size and bubble rise velocities are not as sensitive to the restitution coefficient. The turbulence model is of outmost importance concerning gas mixing in a fluidized bed of Geldart A particles.From these numerical analyzes an optimized granular flow two-fluid model can be designed for the purpose of simulating reactive systems in fluidized bed reactors.     

Continuous-velocity lattice gas cellular automata for miscible binary fluid and its application to simulation of interface instability

Continuous-velocity lattice gas cellular automata (CVLGA) is extended to miscible binary fluid systems. A new parameter is introduced in order to control the diffusivity of the fluids. The correlation between the diffusivity and the new parameter proves that there exists the maximum value of the diffusivity. Quantitative verifications of the model are carried out with numerical simulations of the diffusion phenomena across a falling fluid film. The model is then applied to the simulations of Rayleigh-Taylor instability during the gravitational mixing phenomena. The qualitative tendency of the growth of the interface instability is the same as that obtained in conventional numerical methods.     

空气钻转为泥浆钻的技术分析与探讨

对空气钻转为泥浆钻的气液转化技术进行优化配方,为提高上部地层钻进速度找到了一条切实可行的成功之路。实践表明:(1)气液转化技术应从化学因素和钻井工艺因素入手,除选择高效钻井液体系、合理的钻井液密度外,还应采用封堵固壁技术,封固地层微裂隙,提高地层整体强度,达到稳定井壁的目的,并且稳定井壁必须采取多专业多学科共同治理才有成效。(2)建南地区巴东组以上地层相对稳定,适合空气钻井作业,如果配合使用空气锤,速度提高幅度会更大(在普光106井的气体钻井由于使用了空气锤,机械钻速达到10m/h以上)。     

基于流固耦合的南水北调渠道结构动力破坏机理研究

以南水北调中线渠道工程为研究对象,建立了水体-结构-地基耦联体系的渠道模型,运用Fluid 30单元实现水工结构流固耦合计算,计算了地震工况下的渠道结构的破坏情况。计算结果与Westergaad传统方法进行对比,验证了Fluid 30单元方法的正确性。研究结果表明,Fluid 30单元耦合方法计算的结构频率均值较传统方法增加10.93%,渠道结构进行地震分析时,水体的流固耦合效应不容忽视;渠道衬砌板分缝处为最薄弱部位,且出现了应力集中,每个纵缝处下表面均出现了较大的拉应力;衬砌结构在地震中可视为做整体移动,衬砌上表面比下表面所受的压应力更大,而在接近分缝处这一情况恰好相反。     

天然气超深井井底压力计算与应用

钻井液喷空后的井底压力可以精确计算,为正确地保证井底压力大于或等于地层压力提供了科学的数据。钻井液喷空后的深井超深井的天然气井,关井后的静气柱压力不是很小。井内有钻井液(或修井液)井底进入天然气时,井底压力在合理地处理井内天然气在井内的运移(体积法放压法)与二次循环法压井循环出进入井内的天然气是相同的,为钻井井控现场为避免压裂套管鞋处或地层压力低的地层提供了可靠的依据。     

箭竹1井胶凝酸酸压返排液处理及回注技术

胶凝酸主要由盐酸和胶凝剂配制而成,在低渗透碳酸盐岩地层压裂时,盐酸溶蚀地层,沟通缝隙。胶凝酸与地层岩石的化学反应在2小时内完成,返排液中的残酸用以NaOH为主的碱中和剂处理,通过中和、沉降、过滤、杀菌等一系列处理后回注地层。     

页岩气措施返排液重复利用技术研究

页岩气主要通过采用大规模减阻水多级分段压裂获得。减阻水压裂会产生大量的返排液,返排液若直接排放会对周边的生态环境造成一定的影响,必须对其进行有效处理。如果能够实现对返排液中减阻水压裂液的重复利用,就可减少对环境的污染、降低开采成本、节约水资源,研究其处理方法具有极大的技术价值和经济价值。根据页岩气措施液性能要求,在仔细分析返排液性质的基础上,评选出絮凝剂、杀菌剂等水处理药剂,筛选出适合返排液重复利用的减阻剂,在焦页8-2HF和焦页12-3HF井应用中取得较好的效果。     

Einfluss der Wechselwirkung von Reaktion und Fluiddynamik auf das Verhalten von Strahlschlaufenreaktoren

Jet loop reactors are used as apparatus to facilitate chemical or biological reactions. This type of apparatus is characterized by an internal circulation flow, essentially driven by the injection of liquid. The nozzle can also be used to inject and disperse gas. The internal fluid dynamics and thus the reactor behavior is significantly determined by the introduced momentum and by the internal gas distribution. To describe the mutual influence of a gas-consuming reaction and the internal fluid dynamics, a simplified model based on a momentum balance and a material balance was used. From the exemplary calculations, a critical range for non-selective reactions and for fluid dynamic stability is given.     

The Impact of Fluid Dynamic Stress in Stirred Bioreactors – The Scale of the Biological Entity: A Personal View

From the start of industrial biotechnology, there has been a perception that biological entities are damaged by stirring, so-called ‘shear damage'. Often, it was the soft option to explain a loss of performance when it was due to other factors, such as bubble ingestion with proteins or on scale-up, where tip speed increased when it was due to decreased homogeneity, especially in pH. For many years, poor control and the range of analytical tools available made a more in-depth explanation difficult; and the concepts of ‘high' and ‘low shear' impellers, now largely disproven, increased it. Here, the size of the biological entity is compared to the Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence leading to a reasonably clear picture emerging. The article starts with the author's introduction to the issue approximately 42 year ago with enzymes, conveniently also the smallest entity; and finishes with the largest, filamentous fungi.