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81.
When catalysts developed for crude oil hydroprocessing are used for syncrude, there are syncrude-specific peculiarities to consider. These relate to differences in the nature and abundance of heteroatoms, olefins, metal species, waxes and aqueous products. Some important aspects are (a) heat release during naphtha and distillate hydroprocessing is very high, but wax hydrocracking is almost isothermal; (b) syncrude is sulphur-free and the use of sulphided base-metal hydroprocessing catalysts require the addition of sulphur-containing compounds to the syncrude; (c) oxygenates strongly adsorb on some catalytic surfaces to affect catalytic behaviour; (d) carbonyl–carboxylic acid interconversion and water produced by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) may result in catalyst degradation by acid and hydrothermal attack; (e) carboxylic acids in syncrude result in equipment corrosion and catalyst leaching; (f) metal carboxylates are the main metal-containing species in syncrude and are not removed by hydrodemetallation (HDM) catalysis, but by thermal decomposition. 相似文献
82.
83.
84.
全金属反射光学系统结构的有限元分析 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
用有限元分析方法对全金属反射光学系统在各种受力状态下的变形、应力及固有频率做了全面的分析,并给出了结构多次优化后的分析结果。 相似文献
85.
86.
Shi-Woo Rhee 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》1995,12(1):1-11
Aluminum has been used widely as a conducting material in the fabrication of integrated circuits, and chemical vapor deposition
process for Al has been actively investigated for the application in ultra large scale integration. In this review, various
precursors, mainly alkyl aluminum and alane compounds, and reaction mechanisms of these precursors in Al CVI) are described.
Epitaxial growth and selectivity of the deposition are also discussed. In addition to thermal reactions, plasma and photochemical
reactions are also briefly described. 相似文献
87.
提高大口径金属主镜面形精度的方法 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
分析了影响Ritchey-Chreitien光学系统中金属主反射镜面形精度因素,采用有限元法对立交易的加工过程及其安装进行了模拟,指出提高主镜的面形镜度,既要合理主镜材料的热处理工艺,也要对加工参数进行控制。良好的稳定化处理可以有效地消除材料内部的残余应力,保证主镜尺寸的稳定性。提高加工基准的精度,并采用组合加工镜面,可以大大提高主镜的面形精度,最后,给出了主镜的干涉仪检测结果。 相似文献
88.
金属迁移能导致混合微电路发生灾难性失效。本文介绍一种简单易行的测试方法-水滴试验法,来测量厚膜电路的实际金属迁移率。用引方法测量时,发现Pd-Ag导体的迁移率最大,Pt-Au导体的金属迁移率最小。 相似文献
89.
In the present paper, a modified self-flux technique has been successfully employed for the growth of pure and praseodymium
substituted (partially) large single crystals of high temperature superconducting Y1−x
Pr
x
Ba2Cu3O7−δ
(x = 0·0,0·2,0·4). Typical sizes of the platy and bulky crystals of pure YBCO(123) material are ≈ 2 × 2 × 0·1 mm3 and 4 × 1 × 1 mm3, respectively. In case of Pr-substitution, the typical sizes of platy and bulky crystals of Y0·8Pr0·2Ba2Cu3O7−δ
and Y0·6Pr0·4Ba2Cu3O7−δ
materials are ≈ 2 × 3 × 0·1 mm3 and 5 × 1 × 1 mm3 and ≈ 1 × 1·5 × 0·1 mm3 and 7 × 0·2 × 0·1 mm3, respectively. The morphology and growth habit of the as-grown single crystals and the critical transition temperature (T
c) of the oxygenated crystals were found to depend on the Pr-content.
Paper presented at the poster session of MRSI AGM VI, Kharagpur, 1995 相似文献
90.
Mait Lang Tiit Nilson Andres Kuusk Andres Kiviste Maris Hordo 《Remote sensing of environment》2007,110(4):445-457
Several published foliage mass and crown radius regression models were tested on the preparation of the input for the reflectance model of Kuusk and Nilson [Kuusk, A. and Nilson, T. (2000), A directional multispectral forest reflectance model. Remote Sensing of Environment, 72(2):244–252.] for 246 forest growth sample plots in Estonia. In each test, foliage mass and crown radius for trees in the sample plots were predicted with a particular pair of allometric regression models. The forest reflectance model was then run using the estimated foliage mass and crown radius values. Reflectance factors were simulated and compared with the reflectance values obtained from three atmospherically corrected Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) scenes. The statistics of linear regression between the simulated and measured reflectance factors were used to assess the performance of foliage and crown radius models. The hypothesis was that the best allometric regression models should provide the best fit in reflectance. The strongest correlation between the simulated and measured reflectance factors was found in the short-wave infrared band (ETM + 5) for all the images. The highest R2 = 0.71 was observed in Picea abies dominated stands. No excellent combination of foliage mass and crown radius functions was found, but the ranking based on determination coefficients showed that some linear crown radius models are not applicable to our data. Processing of raster images, reflectance measurement for small sample plots, usage of tree-species-specific fixed parameters (specific leaf area, etc.), and the ignored influence of phenology introduced additional variation into the relationships between simulated and measured reflectance factors. Further studies are needed, but these preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed method could serve as an effective way of testing the performance of foliage mass and canopy cover regressions. 相似文献