氮肥企业的循环流化床锅炉选型问题

针对氮肥生产中使用循环流化床锅炉的特殊性 ,总结了氮肥企业在循环流化床锅炉选型问题上应结合燃料特点和企业规模 ,因地制宜 ,并总结了不同情况下循环流化床锅炉的选型原则。     

Determination of dinitrogen emission and retention in floodwater and porewater of a lowland rice field fertilized with15N-urea

This paper reports a study on the distribution of dinitrogen between the atmosphere, floodwater and porewater of the soil in a flooded rice field after addition of¹⁵N-labelled urea into the floodwater.Microplots (0.086 m²) were established in a rice field near Griffith, N.S.W., and labelled urea (80 kg N ha^–1 containing 79.25 atoms %¹⁵N) was added to the floodwater when the rice was at the panicle initiation stage. Emission of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen was measured directly during the day and overnight, using a cover collection method and gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analytical methods. Ammonia volatilization was calculated with a bulk aerodynamic method from measurements of wind speed and floodwater pH, temperature and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration. Seven days after urea application the¹⁵N₂ content of the floodwater and soil porewater was determined and total fertilizer nitrogen loss was calculated from an isotopic balance.Throughout the experimental period gas fluxes were low; nitrous oxide, ammonia and dinitrogen flux densities were less than 5, 170 and 720 g N ha^–1 d^–1, respectively. The greatest dinitrogen flux density was observed two days after urea addition and this declined to ~ 100 g ha^–1 d^–1 after seven days.The data indicate that, of the urea nitrogen added, 0.02% was lost to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide, 0.9% was lost by ammonia volatilization, and 3.6% was lost as dinitrogen gas during the 7 days of measurement. At the end of this period 0.028% and 0.002% of the added nitrogen was retained as dinitrogen gas in the floodwater and soil porewater respectively. Recovery of the¹⁵N applied as nitrogen gases, plant uptake, and soil and floodwater constituents totaled about 94% of the nitrogen added.     

Experimental trends of NO in circulating fluidized bed combustion

Experimental trends for the dependence of CO, NO and N₂O emissions on bed temperature and oxygen concentration in circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFB) are presented. The main focus is on the nitrogen emission formation in the lower furnace area. A test campaign including seven tests with a laboratory scale CFB test rig were carried out to produce appropriate data of the phenomena. These experiments show that NO emissions above the dense bed decrease with decreasing temperature or oxygen concentration. Instead, N₂O emissions increase when the bed temperature is decreased and decrease when the oxygen concentration is decreased. These trends can partly be explained by heterogeneous reactions between NO and char, since decrease in temperature or oxygen concentration increases the bed char inventory. However, oxygen and temperature also affect directly on NO emissions. Correlations for the CO, NO, N₂O, NH₃ and HCN concentrations at the exit of dense bed were developed. This type of correlations can, among other things, be applied as boundary conditions to the more sophisticated CFD models that are usually applied to modelling of diluted part of the furnace. CFD modelling of the dense bed area is complicated and accuracy is not sufficient, thus simplified experimental correlations can aid in the development of furnace design towards better emission performance.     

Performance evaluation of a modified anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/O) process treating low strength wastewater

A full scale modified A²/O process which combined pre-anoxic selector and the staging strategy treating low strength wastewater was investigated. In South China, domestic wastewater is always low in strength due to the high level of groundwater and setting of septic tank at the beginning of wastewater collection system. The results suggested that inadequate denitrification could result in deterioration of phosphorus removal. In addition, influent phosphorus concentration had effect on phosphorus removal. The pre-anoxic selector in modified A²/O process changed the distribution of nitrogen denitrified in different tanks. Characteristics of 3-stage aeration tanks were also studied. The simplified design of rectangular aeration tank could also perform as plug flow as conventional channel aeration tank. In 3-stage aeration tanks, mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS) increased from one tank to another, while specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of sludge, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) removal rate decreased, however ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) reaction rate remained constant. Furthermore, high MLSS concentration was not suitable for treating low strength wastewater. Waste sludge discharge could improve removal efficiency of COD, NH₃-N, and TP. Without waste sludge discharge, nitrite accumulated in settler.     

沥青中氮元素在热转化前后的变化

以煤焦油为原料．经蒸馏、萃取得到精制沥青,用不同溶剂将沥青进行族组成的分离。各族组成加热到480℃,恒温转化5h,得到不同的炭化产物,测定沥青、族组成及炭化产物中氮的含量,利用红外谱图分析热转化前后的氮元素分布。     

Effect of phosphoric acid concentration on corrosion of Cr–Mn–N and Cr–Ni stainless steels

Phosphoric acid concentration (5–85%) effects on the corrosion behaviour of austenitic Fe–18Cr–12Mn–N steel have been studied by potentiodynamic polarisation measurements. After the anodic polarisation, both the film composition and the electronic structure have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specimen surface examinations have been carried out by scanning electron microscopy. The results of the corrosion behaviour of the steel at issue have been compared to those relevant to two trademark materials [austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 (Fe–18Cr–9Ni) and X14AΓ15 (Fe–14Cr–15Mn–N)] and developed under the same test conditions.     

Effects of cropping history and phosphorus source on yield and nitrogen fixation in sole and intercropped cowpea–maize systems

Symbiotic N₂-fixation, N uptake efficiency, biomass- and crop production of cowpea and maize as affected by P source, sole- and intercropped, and introduction of break crops were studied on a farmer’s fields in semi-arid Tanzania. Cowpea fixed around 60% of its N from the atmosphere amounting to 70 kg N ha⁻¹ under sole and 36 kg N ha⁻¹ under intercropping as estimated by the ¹⁵N isotope dilution method around peak biomass production. The amount of N₂-fixed was 30–40% higher when P was applied as either TSP or MRP whereas cowpea yield were unaffected. Intercropped maize with 19,000 plant ha⁻¹ accumulated the same amount of N as 38,000 sole cropped maize plants although intercropping reduced the dry matter accumulation by 25%. The N uptake efficiency of the applied ¹⁵N labelled fertiliser was 26%, which equal a total pool of early available plant N of 158 kg N ha⁻¹. Under the N deficient conditions, P application did not increase the grain yield of maize. The LER indicate that sole cropping required 18% more area than intercropping in order to produce the same grain yield, and 35% more land when LER was based on N uptakes. Introduction of break crops in the maize systems, more than doubled accumulation of dry matter and N in the grain compared to continuous maize cropping. During maturation sole crop cowpea shedded leaves containing 41 kg N ha⁻¹. The current findings underline the importance of crop diversity in Sub Saharan Africa agriculture and emphasise the need for including all residues, including shedded leaves, in nutrient balance studies.     

Effect of Long-Term Forest Fertilization on Scots Pine Xylem Quality and Wood Borer Performance

We tested whether changes in long-term nutrient availability would affect the xylem quality and characteristics of Scots pine trees as a food source for the larvae of the xylophagous wood borer Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Cerambycidae). We looked for an effect of host plant growth and xylem structural traits on H. bajulus larval performance, and looked for delayed effects of long-term forest fertilization on xylem chemical quality. In general, larval performance was dependent on larval developmental stage. However, the growth of larvae also varied with host plant quality (increases in the concentration of nitrogen and carbon-based secondary compounds of xylem were correlated with a decrease in the larval growth rate). The greater annual growth of trees reduced tracheid length and correlated positively with second-instar H. bajulus growth rate. This is consistent with the hypothesis that intrinsic growth patterns of host plants influence the development of the xylophagous wood borer H. bajulus.     

中国煤中硫氮的赋存状态研究

煤中的硫、氮在煤利用转化过程中的释放对环境和生物健康影响巨大。笔者从煤中硫、氮的分布、结构,同位素研究等几方面对中国煤中硫、氮的赋存状态研究进行了总结,并提出了今后的研究方向和热点问题。