大亚湾核电站全厂断电诱发的严重事故过程研究

在大亚湾核电站严重事故计算分析结果的基础上,对全厂断电诱发的典型的严重事故序列及缓解对策进行了分析。结果表明,全厂断电事故发生后,大约1～2h堆芯上部会裸露,压力容器在5～7h后失效。在约100h安全壳超压失效,而堆坑地基在事故后8.7d会被熔蚀5.5m。结果还表明,堆坑注水措施可以防止堆坑地基熔穿并且减少事故中由于堆芯熔融物与混凝土反应产生的氢气。     

Interface mixing induced by swift heavy ions at metal-oxide/silicon interfaces

It was observed previously that ceramic/ceramic bilayers were very sensitive with respect to the electronic stopping power S_e, i.e. strong interface mixing, scaling with , occurred if a threshold S_ec was exceeded. The threshold seemed to be determined by the higher track formation threshold of two constituents forming the bilayer. Although no track formation has been observed in crystalline Si even for Uranium projectiles, interface mixing was observed previously for some Si-multilayers.

In this paper we report on the interface mixing of NiO, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ on Si due to irradiation with 90–350 MeV Ar-, Kr-, Xe- and Au-ions at 80 K at fluences up to 9E15 ions/cm². Interface mixing, analyzed by means of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), is found for these bilayers, too. But the threshold for intermixing is significantly higher compared to the ceramic/ceramic bilayers. This observation could be an evidence for the threshold being determined by the Si-layer. In contrast to NiO/Si and Fe₂O₃/Si, where an usual random walk mixing Δσ² = kΦ was observed, the interface broadening Δσ² for TiO₂/Si is found to scale nonlinearly with the ion fluence, which indicates that mixing is driven by a chemical solid-state reaction. At higher fluences plateaus form at the low energy Ni-edge of the RBS spectra. The plateaus indicate phase formation. X-Ray diffraction spectra does not show any evidence for new crystalline phases.     

Safety aspects of the combined HTTR/steam reforming complex for nuclear hyrogen production

The High-Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) in Oarai, Japan, has the potential to demonstrate the production of hydrogen by steam reforming and using nuclear process heat as primary energy input. Particular safety aspects for such a combined nuclear/chemical complex have been investigated such as fire and explosion hazard at presence of flammable gases (LNG, H₂, CO) near the reactor building. A methane vapor cloud in the open atmosphere or partially obstructed areas is highly unlikely to detonate and damage the reactor building. Theoretical assessments and experimental studies significant to the HTTR-steam reforming system, include the spreading and combustion behavior of cryogens and flammable gases providing the basis for a comprehensive safety analysis of the nuclear/chemical facility.     

Analysis of nuclear proliferation resistance

All the civil nuclear energy systems could contribute to the proliferation risk that weapons-usable material might be diverted or misused for the weapons purpose by terrorists or states. Proliferation-resistant nuclear energy systems are of great importance for the peaceful use of nuclear energy by impeding the diversion or undeclared production of weapons-usable material by states. Since the National Alternative Systems Assessment Program (NASAP) carried out the assessment of proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in late 1970s, several comprehensive studies have been performed, including the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Spent Fuel Standard by the United States National Academy of Science, the Technical Opportunities for Increasing the Proliferation Resistance of Global Civilian Nuclear Power Systems (TOPS) by the United States Department of Energy, the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) Methodology by the IAEA, and the Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems (Gen IV) by the Gen IV International Forum. However, all these studies appear lack in the interpretation of country-specific proliferation risk that is arbitrary imposed to the specific countries by major nuclear weapons states, even though the countries are members of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This paper outlines the assessments of proliferation resistance of the above studies, points out the country-specific proliferation risk, and suggests further studies to increase the proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in the specific NPT member countries such as South Korea.     

核事故条件下的大气扩散模式及应用

本文介绍一个适用于核事故条件的大气扩散模式(粒子-烟团模式)的建立与调试。模式在模拟大气扩散的粒子随机游走方法中引入类似于扩散烟团的核函数概念，用以反映单个随机游走粒子所代表的污染物质的空间影响范围。模式解决了随机游走粒子与核函数“烟团”耦合后反映扩散物理真实过程的一致性问题，在约200km的范围内模拟结果与理论结果相一致。与代表实际大气典型扩散状况的高斯烟羽模式的结果进行定量比较，表明本模式结果在10km的范围内总体合理，但在近源处有系统偏小。模式瞬时浓度的涨落相对于平均轴线浓度大体控制在20％～30％的范围内。将模式应用于秦山地区的实际地形和气象条件进行实例测试表明，其结果可以反映当地复杂的大气扩散过程和特性。     

水力驱动控制棒冷态极限落棒能力分析

为了验证控制棒水力驱动系统在卡棒和倒置等极限工况下的停堆可靠性，在200MW低温核供热堆控制棒水力驱动系统的1：1实验台架上进行了冷态极限落棒实验，通过对实验结果的分析。得到了在发生卡棒事故时控制棒的落棒能力，揭示了落棒机理，建立了正置时控制棒插入堆芯的模型，并用实验数据验证了该模型的正确性，建立了倒置时控制棒插入堆芯的模型，获得了倒置时控制棒的插棒能力。     

四川发展核电的可行性分析

世界核电已经进入新的发展期，四川省应抓住机遇，积极发展核电。核电作为安全、清洁的能源已得到社会的公认，经济竞争力也大大提高。根据四川未来20年对电力的需求以及能源结构矛盾，发展核电有利于解决能源短缺，优化电力结构和改善环境，实现四川经济可持续发展。     

安全分析程序SAC-PREARS的开发

介绍了SAC-PREARS程序的基本数学模型。利用MISAP程序和通用程序TRAC-PFI对SAC-PREARS计算结果进行了验证。结果表明：SAC-PREARS程序能够有效地计算和分析核供热堆PRHRS的稳态和瞬态热工水力特性。     

国家核应急管理信息系统概念设计

总结了一些国家的应急管理信息系统的结构特点，并结合我国实际情况，提出了我国的国家核应急管理信息系统的概念设计方案。提出的系统应具有以下4个基本特征：①直观的基于地理信息系统的显示与信息查询界面；②与核事故后果评价软件共享数据和结果：③包含完备的数据库；④能够通过网络接收数据，并能实时通过网络发布应急响应信息和指令。     

田湾核电站失去外电源的概率风险评估

对江苏田湾核电站失去外部电源(Loss of offsite power，LOSP)事件进行概率风险评估。考虑了核电站接入华东电力系统后电网与系统间的相互影响．指出导致核电站失去外电源的4个事件：①主网稳定破坏：②计划检修与故障重迭，导致4个回路联络线全部不可用；③飓风导致断线．使4个回路联络线全部不可用；④500kV及220kV主变电站电气设备故障，主变全部停电。使核电站失去外电源。给出这4个事件的计算方法和定量计算结果．并给出了提高可靠性的措施。