Oxidation Of Iron And Manganese By Ozone

The oxidation of iron and manganese by ozone was studied in the laboratory. Model waters both with and without organic matter were used. Results showed iron to be very rapidly oxidized to an insoluble form in the absence of organic matter. However, in the presence of organic matter the iron was protected from oxidation by ozone and precipitation. The degree to which this occurred depended on the nature of the organic matter and the chemical environment at the time of mixing the iron stock and the dissolved organic matter.

Experiments with manganese allowed the determination of second order rate constants for the reaction of ozone with manganese at various pH values. The oxidation of manganese in the presence of organic matter occurred in competition with oxidation of the organic matter. As a result, high ozone doses were required to achieve the same degree of removal of manganese. An increase in bicarbonate alkalinity from 50 mg/L to 200 mg/L did not result in an acceleration of the manganese oxidation in the absence of organic matter. However, in the presence of organic matter, higher levels of bicarbonate created conditions that resulted in more complete oxidation of the manganese following total consumption of the dosed ozone.     

Ozonation of Humic Substances: Effects on Molecular Weight Distributions of Organic Carbon and Trihalomethane Formation Potential

Four different sources of humic substances were studied to determine the effects of ozonation on molecular weight-distributions, based on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). Solutions of two soil-derived fulvic acids and a one soil-derived humic acid, as well as dissolved organic matter (DOM) associated with a natural water source were studied. Both gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and ultrafiltration (UF) were employed to define apparent molecular weight (AMW). Applied ozone doses ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 mg O₃/mg DOC. Overall samples of untreated and ozonated waters, as well as individual molecular weight fractions, were characterized according to DOC, UV absorbance, and THMFP. Ozonation resulted in a significant disappearance of higher AMW material with a corresponding increase in lower AMW material. Although little overall reduction in DOC concentration was observed, significant overall reductions in UV absorbance and THMFP levels were observed.     

Oxidation and intergranular disintegration of the aluminides NiAl and NbAl3 and phases in the system Nb-Ni-Al

The oxidation behavior is very different for an aluminide with a wide homogeneity range such as -NiAl than for a line compound such as NbAl ₃.Oxidation of -NiAl at temperatures 1273 K leads to a slow-growing -alumina layer. The metal phase beneath the scale remains as -NiAl; however, cavity formation is observed. The cavity formation may be favored by sulphur surface segregation. Oxidation of NbAl ₃ at temperatures 1273 K initially leads to -Al ₂O₃,but the Al depletion causes the formation of Nb ₂ Al beneath the oxide layer. Cracking of the Al ₂O₃ layer opens Nb ₂ Al to the atmosphere, which oxidizes rapidly to Nb ₂O₅ and NbAlO₄.After consumption of the Nb ₂ Al, a layer of Al ₂O₃ formed again on the NbAl ₃ phase, but failure of the alumina and the fast growth of the other oxides occur as a repeated process. Thus, NbAl ₃ exhibited rapid linear oxidation kinetics. Multiphase alloys in the system Nb-Ni-Al generally behave better than NbAl ₃,and the low oxidation rates of -NiAl can be approached. In the temperature range below 1273 K, with a maximum at 1000 K, both NiAl and NbAl ₃ show the pest phenomenon, an intergranular disintegration. Preceding the disintegration, oxygen diffuses into the grain boundaries of the material and Al ₂O₃ is formed at the grain boundaries, beginning from the surface region. NiAl is susceptible only in a very limited range of oxygen pressures and temperatures, whereas NbAl ₃ is much more susceptible.     

有机钼多金属氧酸盐在柴油氧化脱硫中的应用

通过复分解法合成了3种基于Mo8O4-26阴离子的四烷基铵钼多金属氧酸盐,并将其作为催化剂,质量分数为30%H2O2溶液为氧化剂、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体([C6MIM]BF4)为萃取剂,用于柴油的催化氧化脱硫。分别考察了催化剂摩尔分数、反应温度、剂油体积比、反应时间、氧化剂用量等条件对模拟油品脱硫率的影响,确定了最优化反应条件,并将其应用于实际油品的脱硫中。结果表明,在60℃反应条件下,反应时间1h,当催化剂摩尔分数为5%、剂油体积比为1∶5、n(氧化剂)/n(硫化物)为6∶1时,该催化氧化-萃取体系对模拟油品(初始含硫质量分数为1 164μg/g)有较高的脱硫率,一次脱硫率可达95%以上。对抚顺石化公司生产的催化裂化柴油(初始含硫质量分数为850μg/g)一次脱硫率约为92%。     

Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Time Domain Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid–Rich Linseed and Fish Oil Emulsions during Thermal Air Oxidation

Linseed contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as α-linolenic acid (> 50% ALA-18:3), that are naturally protected against thermal oxidation by their encapsulation within linseed oil bodies (OB) by multiple components including antioxidant proteins and mucilage emulsifying agents. Linseed OB emulsions (LSE) can be produced by grinding linseed seeds, adding water, adjusting pH, and sonication. This is a process that can encapsulate externally added PUFA to minimize their thermal oxidation, as it does for the intrinsic ALA PUFA. Fish oil (FO) encapsulation into this LSE platform to form linseed fish oil emulsions (LSFE) offers the possibility of a nutritive delivery system of the biologically essential FO PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In this study, ¹H low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) is used to characterize LSE's and LSFE's chemical and structural properties as well as their stability and changes under thermal oxidation (55 °C for 96 hours). ¹H LF-NMR data processing was developed to generate one-dimensional (1D) T₁ (spin–lattice), 1D T₂ (spin–spin), and 2D (T₁ vs. T₂) relaxation time spectra that can characterize OB emulsions and monitor their time domain fingerprints (spectrum peaks) of chemical and structural changes during the oxidation process. The ¹H LF-NMR analysis were further supported and correlated with conventional peroxide value test, self-diffusion, droplet size distribution, zeta potential estimation of surface stability, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acid profile changes under thermal oxidation conditions. The 1D and 2D LF-NMR relaxation spectra showed that the LSE and LSFE did not suffer intense oxidation process, due to PUFA assembly in OB oxidative protection. These results were further confirmed by the supportive analytical methodologies. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of ¹H LF-NMR methodology to monitor PUFA's rich oil and emulsion thermal oxidation.     

Sequential ion-electron irradiation of zirconium carbide ceramics: Microstructural analysis

Zirconium Carbide (ZrC_x) was irradiated with 10 MeV Au³⁺ ions to a dose of 10 displacements per atoms (dpa) and subsequently with 100 and 300 keV electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). After ion irradiation, dislocation loops were observed in the microstructure and an increase in the number of carbon vacancies was revealed by Raman spectroscopy. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) analysis showed that neither amorphization nor oxidation occurred during ion irradiation of the specimen. Subsequent electron irradiation of the pre-implanted ZrC_x foil led to formation of nanosized tetragonal ZrO₂ precipitates (5−10 nm diameter) on the surface of the TEM lamella. The formation of the new oxide phase was not related to the electron beam-induced heating of the specimen, but to electron stimulated oxidation caused by the residual oxygen inside the transmission electron microscope. Changes in size and density of ZrO₂ crystallites were observed between the pristine and ion irradiated ZrC_x regions following electron irradiation, suggesting that the initial microstructure of the ZrC_x substrate played a key role in the nucleation and growth of the oxide islands. The obtained results provide insights into the microstructural response of ZrC_x to different types of radiation and the inadvertent effects of the electron beam during TEM analysis of in-situ and ex-situ ion irradiated ZrC_x. Additionally, the findings of this work suggest a method to prepare local ZrO₂ nanoprecipitates within ZrC_x grains by selective electron beam irradiation.     

紧固件的黑化处理

通过集传统的氧化，磷化工艺与一体化的试验研究，确定一种黑化处理的新型工艺，以期应用于紧固件的黑化处理中。     

内氧化制备Cu/Al2O3弥散强化铜的组织性能研究

实验用Cu2O粉作氧化剂,采用简化的内氧化法工艺,在900℃下使Cu-Al合金薄平板内氧化,获得Cu/Al2O3复合材料。研究不同氧化时间(3、6、10 h)下的Cu/Al2O3复合材料的组织特征及性能。研究表明:复合层中Al2O3颗粒呈弥散状分布;复合层表面和内部的晶粒大小明显不同,由于表面Al2O3析出较早,阻止晶粒的充分长大;表面晶粒较小,表面硬度随时间延长而升高。     

Oxidation-sulfidation behavior of Ni aluminide in oxygen-sulfur mixed-gas atmospheres

Oxidation-sulfidation studies were conducted on sheet samples of nickel aluminide, containing 23.5 at. % Al, 0.5 at. % Hf, and 0.2 at. % B in an annealed condition and after preoxidation treatments. Continuous weight-change measurements were made by a thermogravimetric technique in exposure atmospheres of air, a low- gas mixture, and low- gas mixtures with several levels of sulfur. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray, and electron microprobe analyses of the corrosion product scale layers were performed. The air-exposed specimens developed predominantly nickel oxide; the specimen exposed to a low- .     

低碳钢箔片氧化原因探讨

介绍了用低钢箔片（挂片）在对Unicase密封箱式炉进行炉内碳势定碳分析时存在被氧化的情况。经过分析后认为低碳钢箔片的氧化（除操作失误外）是由于以下两种原因造成：（1）箔片在冷却腔冷却过程中其腔内的温度下降导致压力下降，从而空气进入冷却腔，而此时箔片的温度尚未冷却到200℃以下，箔片发生氧化。（2）由于冷却水的作用，使冷却腔的温度降至露点以下，冷却腔内气氛（与炉内气氛相同）中的水蒸气被凝结，液态的水对炽热的箔片造成了氧化，在此基础上，提出了改进措施。