PPP模式下大型体育场馆建设风险承担与分配研究

通过对国内外文献的广泛阅读和分析,列出风险因素清单,并对政府部门与私营部门在大型体育场馆建设中各自应承担的风险进行统计。最后基于风险的分配原则,提出PPP模式下大型体育场馆建设的风险分配框架。     

PPP模式下项目回报影响因素探讨

PPP模式在公共基础设施的建设方面,应用非常广泛。为了促进PPP项目更好地发展,重点分析了其关键因素——项目回报。项目回报主要受资金流、基准收益率和特许经营期三个方面的综合影响,分别从资金流的预测、基准收益率的选择和特许经营期的选择方面进行分析,认为这三个因素是影响项目成功与否的关键。     

博弈论视角下的 PPP 模式政府监管研究

PPP 模式在我国公共服务领域的应用日益广泛,越来越多的问题也随之暴露,其中较为突出的是政府监管问题。政府和私人部门的合作,本质上是二者之间博弈的结果。本文以博弈论的视角分别从宏观和微观两个层面利用 4 种博弈模型来分析 PPP 模式下私人部门与政府之间的博弈过程,发现政府监管问题的关键在于促进私人部门积极履约。由此结合我国 PPP模式下政府监管的不足给出如何加强政府监管的合理建议,旨在促进 PPP 模式在我国的发展     

The influence of quality benefit and marginal contribution on the optimal equity structure of the PPP projects: balancing public and private benefits

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) involve many different participants, and the equity allocation between them may influence the performance of PPP projects. While the optimal capital structure and equity capital structure of the project company have been extensively investigated, few studies have examined how to allocate equity shares among different private participants. Considering both public and private benefits, this study focuses on the optimal equity structure between construction contractor (CC) and operating contractor (OC). A game model is used to analyze how quality benefit and marginal contribution of CC and OC’s effort affect the optimal equity structure. The findings reveal that the private consortium expects the party (CC or OC) with higher marginal contribution of effort to own more equity shares, while government expects the party (CC or OC) with lower marginal contribution of effort to own more equity shares. Furthermore, a non-linear relationship between the optimal equity structure and government’s bargaining power is found. The results also manifest that the quality benefit of construction on operation is a nontrivial factor when designing the equity structure. If unconsidered, the CC’s optimal equity ratio will be either undervalued (when a higher construction quality can reduce the operating cost) or overvalued (when a higher construction quality can increase the operating cost). These findings can provide some insights into designing the equity structure for PPP projects in the bidding process.     

Influence of market structures on concession pricing in Public-Private-Partnership utilities with asymmetric information

This study investigates the influence of market structures on Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) utility concession pricing. The private firm's cost and the government's public-management cost, and redundancy risk in the separation scenario, are considered by modeling concession pricing. The results suggest that the effect of the firm's cost is similar under the integrated and separated structures. Redundancy risk increases service prices and may decrease government subsidies. The findings suggest that vertical separation may help control public-management costs under PPPs.     

Analysis of the risk-sharing ratio in PPP projects based on government minimum revenue guarantees

Public-private partnership (PPP) projects have been widely applied in infrastructure construction. A suitable risk distribution strategy is crucial for promoting negotiations between the government and investors. The government usually provides guarantees to investors to distribute risk. However, an excessive guarantee increases the government's financial burden, whereas an insufficient guarantee reduces the confidence of the investors participating in the project. In a minimum revenue guarantee (MRG), the government subsidizes the investors the difference between the actual revenue and the government guarantee line if there is a loss. In PPP power plant and highway projects, investors' revenues come from two sources: government guarantees and the project company's self-sale. To support project companies and to optimize the projects' benefits, the government should set a reasonable benchmark for purchase amounts. Based on the traditional principal-agent model, this paper introduces the reciprocal preference theory to analyze the risk-sharing ratio most suitable for the government. Then, an optimal incentive mechanism is established to guarantee the project's income. The results indicate that by setting a different guarantee strategy for different participants, the government can utilize reciprocal preference to incentivize investors to exert more effort during a partnership and avoid moral hazard.     

Molecular Cloning,Structural Analysis and Tissue Expression of Protein Phosphatase 3 Catalytic Subunit Alpha Isoform (PPP3CA) Gene in Tianfu Goat Muscle

Calcineurin, a Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, plays a critical role in controlling skeletal muscle fiber type. However, little information is available concerning the expression of calcineurin in goat. Therefore, protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PPP3CA) gene, also called calcineurin Aα, was cloned and its expression characterized in Tianfu goat muscle. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses revealed that Tianfu goat PPP3CA was detected in cardiac muscle, biceps femoris muscle, abdominal muscle, longissimus dors muscle, and soleus muscle. High expression levels were found in biceps femoris muscle, longissimus muscle and abdominal muscle (p < 0.01), and low expression levels were seen in cardiac muscle and soleus muscle (p > 0.05). In addition, the spatial-temporal mRNA expression levels showed different variation trends in different muscles with the age of the goats. Western blotting further revealed that PPP3CA protein was expressed in the above-mentioned tissues, with the highest level in biceps femoris muscle, and the lowest level in soleus muscle. In this study, we isolated the full-length coding sequence of Tianfu goat PPP3CA gene, analyzed its structure, and investigated its expression in different muscle tissues from different age stages. These results provide a foundation for understanding the function of the PPP3CA gene in goats.     

基于GPRS的无线数据传输系统

通过分析GPRS（通用分组无线业务）网络的特点,从软、硬件角度出发,提出了开发基于GPRS的无线数据传输系统的关键技术解决方案,解决了系统数据传输的透明性和稳定性问题,为开发类似系统提供了完善的技术支持。     

InterNiche PPP协议及其基于NETCARM7的移植

近年来,基于ARM体系结构的32位微处理器几乎已经深入到各个领域;消费电子,无线通讯,无线通讯,工业控制,网络应用。而InterNiche TCP/IP,PPP协议就是广泛应用于ARM上的嵌入式协议栈。表文介绍了InterNiche PPP以及它基于NETCAEM上移植技术和结果。它是在InterNicheTCP/IP协议栈移植成功的基础上完成的。     

PPP项目风险分担研究评述

通过整理和分析大量文献,界定风险分担的概念并对该领城研究进行详细的归类阐释,从中提炼出PPP项目风险分担的三种基本研究路径:理论推演、理论应用和实践总结,得出PPP项目风险分担研究具有三个薄弱环节,即风险分担的过程评价、风险分担比例的确定以及风险分担与其他方面的关联关系,从而指出该领城未来的研究方向.