Driver behaviour with adaptive cruise control

This paper reports on the evaluation of adaptive cruise control (ACC) from a psychological perspective. It was anticipated that ACC would have an effect upon the psychology of driving, i.e. make the driver feel like they have less control, reduce the level of trust in the vehicle, make drivers less situationally aware, but workload might be reduced and driving might be less stressful. Drivers were asked to drive in a driving simulator under manual and ACC conditions. Analysis of variance techniques were used to determine the effects of workload (i.e. amount of traffic) and feedback (i.e. degree of information from the ACC system) on the psychological variables measured (i.e. locus of control, trust, workload, stress, mental models and situation awareness). The results showed that: locus of control and trust were unaffected by ACC, whereas situation awareness, workload and stress were reduced by ACC. Ways of improving situation awareness could include cues to help the driver predict vehicle trajectory and identify conflicts.     

Back to the future: Brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles

Rear-end collisions are often quoted as being a major cause of road traffic accidents. In response to this, a great deal of ergonomics research effort has been directed towards the analysis of brake reaction times. However, the engineering solution has been to develop advanced systems for longitudinal control, which, it is argued, will mitigate the problem of rear-end collisions. So far, though, there have been few empirical studies to determine how brake reaction times will be affected by such vehicle automation. This paper presents a literature review summarizing the current state of knowledge about driver responses in non-automated vehicles. The review covers driver factors, vehicle factors and situational factors. Following the review, some empirical data are presented from a driving simulator experiment assessing brake reaction times of skilled and unskilled drivers under two different levels of automation. When compared to previous data gathered during manual driving, there seems to be a striking increase in reaction times for these automated conditions. Implications for the design and safety of automated vehicle systems are discussed.     

关于冶金机械设备几种事故驱动方式的比较

比较了冶金机械设备在停电故障下几种事故驱动方式,重点介绍了新兴的EPS(Emergency Power Supply)事故驱动电源,并倾向于采用EPS作为冶金设备的主要事故驱动。     

The influence of combined alignments on lateral acceleration on mountainous freeways: a driving simulator study

Combined horizontal and vertical alignments are frequently used in mountainous freeways in China; however, design guidelines that consider the safety impact of combined alignments are not currently available. Past field studies have provided some data on the relationship between road alignment and safety, but the effects of differing combined alignments on either lateral acceleration or safety have not systematically examined. The primary reason for this void in past research is that most of the prior studies used observational methods that did not permit control of the key variables. A controlled parametric study is needed that examines lateral acceleration as drivers adjust their speeds across a range of combined horizontal and vertical alignments. Such a study was conducted in Tongji University’s eight-degree-of-freedom driving simulator by replicating the full range of combined alignments used on a mountainous freeway in China. Multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the effects of the combined alignments on lateral acceleration. Based on these models, domains were calculated to illustrate the results and to assist engineers to design safer mountainous freeways.     

An experimental study of factors associated with driver frustration and overtaking intentions

This study examined directly the impact of various factors associated with driving on ‘A-class’ roads in the United Kingdom (specifically length of platoon, proportion of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), speed and opportunities for overtaking) on self-reported frustration and overtaking intentions. The impact of situational variables (being under time pressure, and time behind a slower moving platoon) were also examined, as was the association between frustration and self-reported overtaking intentions. 183 members of the public from the areas around Perth and Inverness, Scotland took part in the study. Participants viewed simulated ‘driver’s viewpoint’ clips representing all the combinations of the experimental variables (except time pressure, which was a between-groups variable, and time behind platoon, which was examined separately in four specific clips). After each clip, participants responded on a paper questionnaire as to the level of frustration they would feel for a given clip, and the likelihood that at some point during the clip they would have attempted an overtake manoeuvre. The findings show that the links between traffic variables such as speed and platoon length, and behaviourally-relevant variables such as frustration and overtaking intentions, are not simple. Although there are broad and predictable effects of speed and platoon length (lower speeds and longer platoons leading to greater frustration) these are mediated by other variables, and it is not always the case that more frustration leads to more intention to overtake. Analysis of driver attitudes identified three clusters (low, medium and high risk drivers) and suggests that higher risk drivers’ levels of frustration are more affected by situational changes than those of lower risk drivers.     

Associations between driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs,speeding and seatbelt use among fatally injured car drivers in Norway

Since 2005, all fatal road traffic crashes in Norway have been analyzed in-depth by multidisciplinary investigation teams organized by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). During the period 2005–2010, 608 drivers of cars or vans were killed in road traffic crashes. Blood samples were collected from 372 (61%) of the drivers and analyzed for alcohol and a large number of psychoactive drugs at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH). After coupling the analytical results with the NPRA crash database, 369 drivers with a fatal outcome were identified and included. Alcohol or drug concentrations in blood above the legal limits were found in 39.8% of the drivers who were investigated for alcohol or drug impairment; 33.9% had blood alcohol concentrations above 0.5 g/L or concentrations of drugs above the equivalent Norwegian legal impairment limits or concentrations of amphetamines above 200 μg/L. Among drivers with a fatal outcome who had been impaired by alcohol or drugs, 64.6% were unbelted and 71.7% were speeding when the crash occurred; whereas 24.2% and 33.2% of the sober drivers were unbelted or speeding, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between impairment by alcohol or amphetamines and driving unbelted or speeding. Excessive speeding is one of the main reasons for road traffic crashes and together with being unbelted the main reasons for a fatal outcome. This behavior might in many cases be due to increased risk-taking or negligence of safety measures as a result of alcohol or drug use.     

PC认证的MEMS强链控制系统设计

提出PC机认证系统MEMS强链的控制系统,主要由MEMS强链、接口卡和专用软件组成。MEMS强链由可多次试开反干涉齿轮（ CMG）鉴码器构成,而鉴码器是基于微机电系统（ MEMS）技术。控制系统由微型电机驱动系统、电气控制系统和专用的软件程序组成。PCI-7248 DIO扩展卡和L6234无刷直流电机驱动集成电路应用于MEMS强链控制。认证系统在电脑启动时在BIOS芯片内由程序控制,在POST期间取得控制权,鉴码器具有利用正确码自动复位功能,可以尝试3次复位。1000次的成功率是100%。     

棒线材无头轧制系统工艺过程分析及控制系统研究

简要介绍了无头轧制的概念和无头轧制系统的研发概况,分析了棒线材无头轧制系统及其核心设备(移动式闪光焊机)的组成及功能特点,研究了棒线材无头轧制系统的工艺过程,列出了达涅利产品各组成装置的驱动方式、控制形式及作业特点.在此基础上,提出了基于PROFIBUS 总线和PLC控制器的系统控制方案,重点介绍了钢坯对接伺服控制策略以及焊机移动和钢坯位置随动传动系统的控制策略,并对两对接油缸、焊机与轧制钢坯、两焊机驱动电机的同步问题进行了分析.     

高寒生态脆弱区自然资本动态评估及驱动因素研究 — —以拉萨市为例

拉萨市地处高寒地区,自身生态环 境脆弱,文章通过改进的三维生态足迹模型 测度拉萨市2009—2018年自然资本的动态变 化,并用偏最小二乘回归法对变化的驱动因 素进行分析,为拉萨市正确处理资源利用与 经济社会发展之间的关系提供科学依据。结 果表明：一、2009—2018年,拉萨市人均生 态足迹呈先下降后波动上升的变化趋势,人 均生态承载力持续下降,拉萨市自然资本供 需矛盾增加,逐渐由盈转亏;二、足迹深度与 足迹广度表明流量资本已经无法满足生产生 活需求,拉萨市发展对存量资本的依赖性增 强;三、从用地类型来看,草地、水域与建筑 用地处于流量资本占用状态,耕地是资本存 量消耗的主要方式,林地处于两者之间的过 渡阶段;四、社会投资、消费水平以及产业结 构中的第三产业发展对自然资本的利用有显 著的驱动作用。     

DRIVE AND CONTROL OF VIRTUAL-AXIS NC MACHINE TOOLS

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