Numerical and experimental investigation of the mesoscale fracture behaviour of quenched steels

During heat treatment processes, especially during quenching, cracks may form because of the presence of high thermal and mechanical stresses and strains. Notwithstanding the fact that increasingly detailed modelling for heat treatment is being performed (considering, i.a., grain size, creep and transformation plasticity), homogeneous microstructures are still normally assumed. Chemical and hence structural inhomogeneities are not commonly explicitly considered, which is especially accentuated in the case of real parts simulation because of the resulting numerical problem's size. Intensive quenching on a cylindrical specimen of 100Cr6 (SAE) steel is proposed here to experimentally investigate the microcrack generation. A finite element based model is proposed to numerically evaluate the fracture behaviour in a two‐step simulation. First, by solving the quenching problem in direct correspondance with the experimental test performed, and second, by studying the mesoscale response taking into account the influence of second phase particles in a representative volume element based approach. The maximum principal stress criterion is used to trigger the fracture by means of the extended finite element method at the mesoscale. The trend to form cracks in the surface region, experimentally observed, has been well captured by the model. The influence of carbides sizes and content on the mesoscale fracture response has been numerically analysed as well. A good agreement has been reached between the simulations and the experimental results, exhibiting the potential of the introduced approach to be used as a failure prediction methodology.     

海洋硫酸盐还原菌对X100钢腐蚀行为的影响

通过测定海水溶液中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)生长曲线、溶液状态参数、自腐蚀电位、电化学阻抗谱和极化曲线的变化规律,研究了SRB的存在对X100钢在该体系中的腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:SRB在海水培养基中的一个生长周期可分为快速生长阶段、稳定阶段和衰亡阶段。溶液S2-浓度和氧化还原电位与SRB数目密切相关,X100钢的自腐蚀电位随时间增加呈现先负移、然后正移、最后负移的变化规律;EIS结果表明,在接菌海水中,X100钢的腐蚀速率随着浸泡时间的增加呈现先增大、后减小、再增大的变化趋势;与灭菌海水中的腐蚀相比,X100钢在接菌海水中的腐蚀电流密度降低,腐蚀减弱,其原因是SRB生物膜的存在阻碍了海水与试样表面的直接接触,从而抑制了金属的腐蚀。     

实时光纤网络中突发数据传输的物理层设计

使用Altera CycloneⅢ FPGA设计了百兆实时光纤网络物理层,解决了百兆光纤网络突发数据通信中的数据突发发送、数据时钟的恢复及接收的关键技术。利用空间过采样技术避开了光通信中用于相位锁定、时钟恢复所需的等待时间,直接从码流中提取数据,从而减少了网络突发数据包的同步码开销,提高了光网络的带宽利用率。     

Liquid–liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems composed of TritonX-100 and sodium citrate or magnesium sulfate salts

Liquid–liquid phase diagrams of surfactant-based aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) composed of TritonX-100, as a non-ionic surfactant, and two different salts have been studied at 298.15 K. The salts used were an inorganic salt, magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and an organic salt, sodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇). The results show that the salt MgSO₄ is more capable of inducing ATPS formation than the salt Na₃C₆H₅O₇. The experimental liquid–liquid equilibrium data were correlated using a modified virial model. Good agreement was obtained with the experimental data.     

Flexible H2 sensor fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembly of thin films of polypyrrole and modified in situ with Pt nanoparticles

A novel flexible H₂ gas sensor was fabricated by the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly of a polypyrrole (PPy) thin film on a polyester (PET) substrate. A Pt-based complex was self-assembled in situ on the as-prepared PPy thin film, which was reduced to form a Pt-PPy thin film. Microstructural observations revealed that Pt nanoparticles formed on the surface of the PPy film. The sensitivity of the PPy thin film was improved by the Pt nanoparticles, providing catalytically active sites for H₂ gas molecules. The interfering gas NH₃ affected the limit of detection (LOD) of a targeted H₂ gas in a real-world binary gas mixture. A plausible H₂ gas sensing mechanism involves catalytic effects of Pt particles and the formation of charge carriers in the PPy thin film. The flexible H₂ gas sensor exhibited a strong sensitivity that was greater than that of sensors that were made of Pd-MWCNTs at room temperature.     

基于ATmega16L的PID温控系统设计

详细介绍了基于ATmega16L为核心的温度控制系统设计,传感器用Pt100并以PID算法进行温控,上位机PC与ATmega16L单片机之间通过串口通信。可对工作现场实时监控、温度曲线显示。参数设定后下位机可独立进行相应的PID控制运算控制PWM,来控制调节温度。应用于样品烘制的温度控制,具有成本低精度高、易于维护的特点。     

高速以太网时延仿真分析

随着以太网技术的不断发展,以太网已成为未来通信领域的核心技术之一。而影响用户业务体验服务质量(QoS)的参数通常包括时延、抖动、丢包率等。对于实时的语音和视频业务来说,业务数据的端到端时延则最为关键。主要在熟悉以太网标准的基础上,总结端到端时延的主要构成因素,对各个时延所占比重进行理论分析。最后对10G/100G以太网进行仿真模型设计,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Triton X-100 pretreatment of LR-white thin sections improves immunofluorescence specificity and intensity

The staining of intracellular antigenic sites in postembedded samples is a challenging problem. Deterioration of antigenicity and limited antibody accessibility to the antigen are commonly encountered on account of processing steps. In this study preservation of the antigen was achieved by fixing the tissues with mild fixatives, performing partial dehydration, and embedding in a low crosslinked hydrophilic acrylic resin, LR-White. Permeabilization of cell membranes with Triton X-100 is well documented but can affect some antigen conformations. We tested the effect of Triton X-100 on the ED1 antigen present in the lysosomal membrane of the macrophage in cell culture. The ED1 antigen in the lysosome was resistant to extraction by Triton X-100. Interestingly pretreating the LR-White sections of macrophage pellets with Triton X-100 improved the staining intensity of ED1. The most intense and clear specific fluorescent staining was observed when sections were pretreated with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 2 min. Longer exposure of sections to 0.2% Triton or 2 min exposure to 2% Triton lead to reduced ED1 labeling. SEM observations indicated that the detergent extracted a component from the cells and not the resin and was determined to be lipid. This novel technique could be applied in many research areas where postembedding fluorescent immunolabeling with higher labeling intensity is desired.     

基于Cu和Pt基催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢试验研究

乙醇水蒸气重整制氢的车载应用不但可在线产生富氢气体,解决氢气的储运问题,还可实现混富氢气燃烧,降低排放.为得到较优的重整制氢方案,模拟内燃机尾气温度条件,在燃料重整试验台上实现乙醇的水蒸气催化重整制氢过程.在不同催化剂Cu49Zn21Al18Zr12和Pt/CZO/Al2O3条件下,考察了反应温度、水醇摩尔比和空速对重整气中φ(H2)的影响.研究表明:当反应温度为723～973 K、空速为720 h-1、水醇摩尔比分别为6∶1和4∶1时,二者φ(H2)的平均值分别为47.78%和40.26%.催化剂Pt/CZO/Al2O3重整制氢的产量高于Cu49Zn21Al18Zr12,尤其是在823 K以上的高温区域.但是与Pt/CZO/Al2O3相比,Cu49Zn21Al18Zr12成本低廉,在873 K以上的温度区域,重整气中φ(H2)也相当高.因此,基于Cu49Zn21Al18Zr12催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整对于车载制氢更加具有可行性.     

A silicon-glass-based microfabricated wide range thermal distribution gas flow meter

Recently, there has been high demand on miniaturizations of bio-instruments and wide range gas flux measurement in the field of chemistry and mechanics. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a silicon-glass-based thermal distribution gas flow meter (20 mm × 10 mm × 1.6 mm) with a wide detection range. To facilitate the fabrication and maintain the stability of the sensor, a platinum (Pt) thin film was adopted as the heater and thermometers. Both the thermal property and temperature sensitivity of Pt thin film were characterized. SiO₂ passivation layers were deposited on top of the Pt film to prevent thermal and electrical shift of sensitive elements. Three pairs of thermometers were constructed beside the heater. Sensitivity and gas flux range of the gas flow meter can be increased by alternate use of these three sensor pairs. We also introduced a specific hardware control circuit system for real-time gas flux monitoring through the connection with a computer interface. The proposed gas flow sensor device was capable of measuring gas flux within the range of 0.8-2800 ml/min, thus demonstrating the potential for a wide range of applications.