A Predictive Instrument for Sensitive and Expedited Measurement of Ultra-Barrier Permeation

The reliable operation of flexible display devices poses a significant engineering challenge regarding the metrology of high barriers against water vapor. No reliable results have been reported in the range of 10^–6 g∙(m²∙d)⁻¹, and there is no standard ultra-barrier for calibration. To detect trace amount of water vapor permeation through an ultra-barrier with extremely high sensitivity and a greatly reduced test period, a predictive instrument was developed by integrating permeation models into high-sensitivity mass spectrometry measurement based on dynamic accumulation, detection, and evacuation of the permeant. Detection reliability was ensured by means of calibration using a standard polymer sample. After calibration, the lower detection limit for water vapor permeation is in the range of 10^–7 g∙(m²∙d)⁻¹, which satisfies the ultra-barrier requirement. Predictive permeation models were developed and evaluated using experimental data so that the steady-state permeation rate can be forecasted from non-steady-state results, thus enabling effective measurement of ultra-barrier permeation within a significantly shorter test period.     

Data-derived soft-sensors for biological wastewater treatment plants: An overview

This paper surveys and discusses the application of data-derived soft-sensing techniques in biological wastewater treatment plants. Emphasis is given to an extensive overview of the current status and to the specific challenges and potential that allow for an effective application of these soft-sensors in full-scale scenarios. The soft-sensors presented in the case studies have been found to be effective and inexpensive technologies for extracting and modelling relevant process information directly from the process and laboratory data routinely acquired in biological wastewater treatment facilities. The extracted information is in the form of timely analysis of hard-to-measure primary process variables and process diagnostics that characterize the operation of the plants and their instrumentation. The information is invaluable for an effective utilization of advanced control and optimization strategies.     

一体式活塞内模结构设计及应用

采用一体式内模代替原来的两体式内模铸造模具,简化了模具制造工艺、节约了制造成本、美化了活塞内腔。利用Magma软件模拟浇注,发现一体式内模容易出现的缺陷以及缺陷存在的位置,并提出有效的解决方法。通过在小缸径活塞上的实际应用,取得了良好的效果。     

Polycrystalline behavior analysis of pure magnesium by the homogenization method

In this study, mechanical behaviors of pure magnesium polycrystals are numerically investigated. The homogenization method, which combines the crystal and macroscopic scales, is introduced to include the effect of crystalline scale behaviors. The polycrystal plasticity model modified for pure magnesium, in which twinning is considered as asymmetric slip-like deformation, is utilized as a constitutive equation. Within this framework, numerical convergence analyses are conducted, and a representative volume element to present realistic deformation of pure magnesium is investigated. Second, polycrystalline behaviors of pure magnesium are investigated. The present approach is shown to reproduce the typical phenomena induced by crystalline scale structure in pure magnesium: nonuniform strain distribution, asymmetric crystal lattice orientation, strength differential effect, and strongly anisotropic initial and subsequent yield surfaces.     

Is time really important for research into contracting out public services in cities? Evidence for urban water management in Southern Spain

Local governments are responsible for the supply of important public services in cities. On many occasions the management of those services is externalized. There is extensive literature analyzing the explanations for the governance option taken by local governments, aiming to ascertain the reasons why the management of certain services is externalized. Recent research has highlighted the fact that time has not been contemplated by research dealing with explanatory factors in the decision to contract out municipal services. This is a key issue in order to identify the real reason behind policymakers’ decisions about the management of the services in cities. This paper tests the importance of taking into account time in the research into contracting out. This is undertaken by means of two methodological tests in the design of variables from a dataset containing 744 municipalities in Southern Spain. Using this empirical analysis as a basis, it is concluded that considering time contributes towards enhancing the specification of the model and that omitting this aspect could lead to misunderstanding the motivation behind such decisions.     

When public opposition defeats alternative water projects - The case of Toowoomba Australia

Located approximately 100 km west of Brisbane, Toowoomba is home to approximately 95,000 people. Surface water from dams is the main source of water for the city. In 2006 the residents of Toowoomba were invited to vote in a referendum (plebiscite) concerning whether or not an indirect potable wastewater reuse scheme should be constructed to supply additional water to the area. At that stage dam levels in Toowoomba were at approximately twenty percent of capacity. Toowoomba residents, after intense campaigning on both sides of the referendum debate, voted against the proposal. In July 2008 dam levels dropped to eleven percent. Stage 5 water restrictions have been in place since September 2006, subsequently mains water must not be used for any outdoor uses. This paper describes in detail how public opposition in the case of Toowoomba's referendum, defeated the proposal for a water augmentation solution. Reasons for the failure are analysed. In so doing, the paper provides valuable insights with respect to public participation in indirect potable reuse proposals, and discusses factors including politics, vested interest and information manipulation. This paper is significant because of the lack of detailed information published about failed water infrastructure projects.     

基于ControlLogix PLC的水利工程自动化系统

简要介绍了水利工程信息自动化系统原理与结构.研讨罗克韦尔ControlLogix系列PLC的功能特性及其在水利工程信息自动化系统中的应用。     

延长区块陆相页岩水基钻井液性能优化评价

延长陆相页岩气资源量丰富,勘探开发处于早期研究阶段。储层地质情况复杂,水平井钻井时常发生井塌等事故,为保持井壁稳定常使用油基钻井液,而油基钻井液又面临环境保护和高成本等压力,为此,研制出页岩水基钻井液体系PSW-1。PSW-1钻井液用0.2%聚合物BOP、2.0%提切剂TQ-1和2.0%的润滑剂ORH-1进行处理,以改善其携屑能力和润滑性。PSW-1的动切力为10 Pa、静切力为4.5 Pa/10 Pa、润滑系数为0.07。经过在4口页岩气水平井的现场应用,PSW-1钻井液能有效地悬浮、携带岩屑,大幅降低钻进时的摩阻;失水量为2.0～2.8 mL,井径扩大率仅为6.34%,有效保持井壁稳定和井下安全。为低成本、高效开发延长陆相页岩气水平井提供技术支持。      

页岩气井压裂返排液对储层裂缝的损害机理

为了弄清压裂液返排过程中对页岩气储层裂缝的损害机理,选取四川盆地长宁区块下志留统龙马溪组页岩和压裂返排液,利用压裂返排液对造缝岩样开展压裂液返排和气驱压裂液实验,监测压裂液返排流动阶段的岩样液相渗透率、返排液固相粒度分布和浊度变化,对比压裂液气驱前后的气测渗透率,分析压裂返排液对页岩气储层中裂缝的损害机理与损害程度。研究结果表明：①压裂返排液作用后,页岩渗透率损害率介于53.1%～97.6%,返排液固相粒度区间显著缩小,液相滞留所造成的相圈闭损害、固相残渣堵塞、气相携液诱发微粒运移和盐结晶是其主要的损害方式;②气相流阶段,渗透率损害率降至23.1%～80.2%,滞留液相损害有所缓解,但固相残渣堵塞和返排液在裂缝面的盐结晶损害仍然难以避免;③基于页岩气井压裂液返排过程中对裂缝的损害机理,考虑到返排液的处理难度及其对储层裂缝的损害,建议应积极发挥压裂液的造缝能力,优化压裂液性质与用量,尽量做到不返排或少返排压裂液。     

储层原生水对页岩气赋存状态与流动能力的影响

储层原生水对页岩气吸附规律和流动能力的影响情况目前尚不清楚,为此选用四川盆地长宁—威远地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩样品,基于吸附平衡法制取不同含水饱和度的实验样品,开展了高压等温吸附实验,探讨不同含水饱和度下页岩等温吸附作用及机理,并运用自主研发的稳态流动实验装置测试了不同含水饱和度下页岩气的流动能力。研究结果表明:(1)页岩储层微米—纳米级孔隙中原生水的存在降低了页岩的吸附能力,含水饱和度为40%时,模拟计算的总含气量比常规认识下的计算结果下降了18%;(2)页岩视渗透率是压力的函数,低压下努森扩散作用使得页岩视渗透率随压力降低而明显上升,当平均压力为5 MPa、含水饱和度达到50%时,与不含水相比页岩视渗透率下降约70%;(3)当含水饱和度低于临界含水饱和度时,水主要以不可动水赋存在微孔和介孔中,对页岩气流动能力影响较小,而大于临界含水饱和度时,水的赋存位置发生改变,导致页岩气流动能力大幅度降低。结论认为,准确认识页岩储层原始含水饱和度及临界含水饱和度,有助于准确计算页岩气储量、合理预测气井产量。