Tribology of WC/C coatings for use in oil-less piston-type compressors

Compressors are being required to operate at increasingly severe conditions in order to increase efficiency, and with the transition from CFC to HFC and natural refrigerants, protective ferrous chloride films have been eliminated. To recover lost wear resistance and transition to oil-less operation, greater protection is sought through the application of hard coatings with enhanced tribological properties. Controlled reciprocating pin-on-disk experiments imitating the wrist pin-connecting rod interface were performed using a High Pressure Tribometer under unlubricated conditions. Specimens used for these experiments included WC/C coated cylindrical 52100 steel wrist pins and uncoated cast iron disks. The performance of WC/C with temperature variation as well as running-in characteristics were evaluated using surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that steady-state friction coefficients decreased with increasing temperature while friction coefficients increased during the running-in period. Also, wear decreased from testing in room temperature up to 80 °C and beyond that, increased due to unstable running-in. Based on the research presented in this work, hard coatings have the potential to replace oil in future compressors.     

Estimation in Random Coefficient Autoregressive Models

Abstract. We propose the quasi‐maximum likelihood method to estimate the parameters of an RCA(1) process, i.e. a random coefficient autoregressive time series of order 1. The strong consistency and the asymptotic normality of the estimators are derived under optimal conditions.     

Selective solvation of polystyrene in tetralin/cyclohexane mixtures

Refractive index increments and density increments have been measured at 307.6K for polystyrene in binary solvents of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin, TET) and cyclohexane over the whole range of solvent composition. Comparison of these increments with the corresponding values obtained at dialysis equilibrium (i.e. at constant chemical potential of low molecular weight species) yielded the coefficients of selective adsorption (γ₁) of TET by the polymer. Positive values of γ₁ were exhibited at solvent compositions up to 78% (v/v) of the thermodynamically better solvent, TET. Theoretical curves of γ₁ vs. composition were calculated on the basis of, firstly, relevant interaction parameters and, secondly, interaction parameters in conjunction with solubility parameters. Both procedures afforded self-consistent results, which were, however, uniformly lower than the experimental values of γ₁.     

MES在聚氯乙烯生产中的应用

介绍了MES在聚氯乙烯生产中乙炔站、氯乙烯、聚合各工序的生产平衡、实时参数及关联参数优化、辅助材料的核算等应用情况。     

优选法在选择刀具角度中的运用

应用优选法确定刀具几何参数,优选得γ=20°,主偏角φ=81°,刃倾角λ=20°,使生产率提高3倍。     

高压大流量地下水隧道开挖超前帷幕注浆参数研究

锦屏水电站锦屏山隧道开挖中面临高压大流量地下水、且富水地段长(约占隧道全长的40%)的难题。为安全、可靠地进行隧道施工,以注浆材料的适应性、超前帷幕注浆的参数及工艺为研究对象,对浆液做了大量配合比试验,分析其流动性、物理力学性能和凝结时间。研究结果表明:用纯水泥进行单液浆帷幕注浆,其可注性好,可大大地提高注浆加固效果;纯水泥+双液浆对局部小的渗漏水具有很好的封堵效果。对于低于2 MPa的压力水,注浆压力取2~3倍的静水压力;对于高于5 MPa的压力水,注浆压力取净水压力加2~3 MPa。对于在2~5 MPa之间的压力水,注浆压力可灵活选取,但不宜超过7 MPa,注浆应采用孔内循环灌注的方式。地下水发生在断层破碎带时,超前帷幕注浆宜采用全断面帷幕;若出水段以溶蚀裂隙、断层、管道为主宜采用有针对性的局部超前帷幕注浆。该技术成功解决了锦屏山隧道高压大流量地下水封堵的难题,对富水地层地下隧洞施工具有重要参考价值。     

Static output feedback control via PDE boundary and ODE measurements in linear cascaded ODE–beam systems

This paper addresses the problem of feedback control design for a class of linear cascaded ordinary differential equation (ODE)–partial differential equation (PDE) systems via a boundary interconnection, where the ODE system is linear time-invariant and the PDE system is described by an Euler–Bernoulli beam (EBB) equation with variable coefficients. The objective of this paper is to design a static output feedback (SOF) controller via EBB boundary and ODE measurements such that the resulting closed-loop cascaded system is exponentially stable. The Lyapunov’s direct method is employed to derive the stabilization condition for the cascaded ODE–beam system, which is provided in terms of a set of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). Furthermore, in order to compute the gain matrices of SOF controllers, a two-step procedure is presented to solve the BMI feasibility problem via the existing linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization techniques. Finally, the numerical simulation is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.     

Adaptive output-feedback stabilization of non-local hyperbolic PDEs

We address the problem of adaptive output-feedback stabilization of general first-order hyperbolic partial integro-differential equations (PIDE). Such systems are also referred to as PDEs with non-local (in space) terms. We apply control at one boundary, take measurements on the other boundary, and allow the system’s functional coefficients to be unknown. To deal with the absence of both full-state measurement and parameter knowledge, we introduce a pre-transformation (which happens to be based on backstepping) of the system into an observer canonical form. In that form, the problem of adaptive observer design becomes tractable. Both the parameter estimator and the control law employ only the input and output signals (and their histories over one unit of time). Prior to presenting the adaptive design, we present the non-adaptive/baseline controller, which is novel in its own right and facilitates the understanding of the more complex, adaptive system. The parameter estimator is of the gradient type, based on a parametric model in the form of an integral equation relating delayed values of the input and output. For the closed-loop system we establish boundedness of all signals, pointwise in space and time, and convergence of the PDE state to zero pointwise in space. We illustrate our result with a simulation.     

Unscented Kalman filter with advanced adaptation of scaling parameter

The paper deals with state estimation of the nonlinear stochastic systems by means of the unscented Kalman filter with a focus on specification of the σ$\sigma$-points. Their position is influenced by two design parameters—the scaling parameter determining the spread of the σ$\sigma$-points and a covariance matrix decomposition determining rotation of the σ$\sigma$-points. In this paper, a choice of the scaling parameter is analyzed. It is shown that considering other values than the standard choice may lead to increased quality of the estimate, especially if the scaling parameter is adapted. Several different criteria for the adaptation are proposed and techniques to reduce computational costs of the adaptation are developed. The proposed algorithm of the unscented Kalman filter with advanced adaptation of the scaling parameter is illustrated in a numerical example.     

On the robust control of stable minimum phase plants with large uncertainty in a time constant. A fractional-order control approach

This paper addresses the problem of designing controllers that are robust to a great uncertainty in a time constant of the plant. Plants must be represented by minimum phase rational transfer functions of an arbitrary order. The design specifications are: (1) a phase margin for the nominal plant, (2) a gain crossover frequency for the nominal plant, (3) zero steady state error to step commands, and (4) a constant phase margin for all the possible values of the time constant (T$T$): 0<T<∞$0<T<\infty$. We propose a theorem that defines the structure of the set of controllers that fulfil these specifications and show that it is necessary for these robust controllers to include a fractional-order PI$PI$ term. Examples are developed for both stable and unstable plants, and the results are compared with a standard PI$PI$ controller and a robust controller designed using the QFT$QFT$ methodology.