Painlevé analysis,soliton solutions and lump-type solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional generalized KP equation

The Painlevé analysis is applied and the multi-soliton criterion is presented to test the integrability of the (3+1)-dimensional generalized KP equation derived from a Hirota bilinear equation. It is shown that the considered equation does not pass the well known Painlevé test and it is only integrable in a conditional sense. Solitary wave solutions are shown to interact each other like solitons in multiple wave collisions unless some additional conditions are imposed. Moreover, we analyze a class of analytical rational lump-type solutions in detail, which are generated from positive quadratic polynomial function and rationally localized in many directions in the space, based upon the Hirota bilinear form.     

呼吸机对连枷胸合并肺挫伤治疗效果的影响

目的:探讨呼吸机在连枷胸合并肺挫伤患者治疗中的作用。方法:回顾性分析我院42例连枷胸合并肺挫伤患者,其中16例给予一般治疗,26例加用呼吸机治疗。比较两组患者同一时间点的血气分析结果及治疗效果。结果:两组患者经不同治疗后动脉血氧分压(PO2)均明显升高(P0.001),统计学结果有显著差异。加用呼吸机治疗组PO2升高更明显(P0.05),胸壁畸形的发生率(4%)较一般处理组(25%)低。两组在住院时间及肺部感染发生率上无明显差异。结论:呼吸机治疗连枷胸合并肺挫伤的优势在于它可稳定浮动的胸壁,迅速纠正低氧血症,且可防止胸壁畸形的发生。     

Modeling and experimental studies of large amplitude waves on vertically falling films

Experimental data on the amplitude of large waves on vertically falling films are presented over a wide range of fluid properties and flow rates. Attempts are made to correlate the amplitude of these naturally excited and saturated waves to the Weber (We) and Kapitza numbers (Ka), the two dimensionless groups characterizing the film. For viscous fluids (with 2<Ka<200), the wave amplitude increases with the reciprocal of the Weber number and saturates at values around 3 (h_max/h_N∼3) while the dependence on Ka is found to be weak. For less viscous fluids (200<Ka<3890), the waves are found to be much more dynamic with amplitudes saturating at much higher values of around 10. The film roughness, or more precisely, the standard deviation (r.m.s) of the film thickness is also found to be correlated with the reciprocal of the Weber number. Scaling arguments are used to explain the initial increase in wave amplitudes. A two-equation h-q model is used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of waves on long domains with periodic inlet forcing. The model is used to examine the amplitude-celerity relation for three families of solitary waves: the slow moving γ₁ family, the fast moving γ₂ family and the very fast moving ‘tsunami (Γ₂) family’ having Nusselt film as the substrate. It is found that the film profile at short distances depends on the forcing amplitude and frequency but once the wave amplitude exceeds a critical value, the amplitude-celerity relationship is linear for all solitary waves that exist on the film and is independent of the forcing frequency or amplitude. It is also found that for a fixed set of fluid properties and flow rate (We and Ka), the Γ₂ wave has the largest amplitude and wavelength. Local bifurcation and computational results are used to explain the experimentally observed wave amplitudes on naturally excited films.     

Multiscale analysis of simultaneous uptake of two reactive gases in the human lungs and its application to methemoglobin anemia

We present a novel multiscale modeling and simulation methodology for quantifying the simultaneous uptake of two reactive gases in the human lungs, and apply it to predict pulmonary hypoxemia in patients suffering from methemoglobin anemia (resulting from excess inhaled nitric oxide (NO)). We start with the convection–diffusion–reaction equations at each scale of the lung and apply a spatial averaging technique (based on Liapunov–Schmidt method of the classical bifurcation theory) to obtain low-dimensional multiscale models. Our simulations for methemoglobin anemia show that while breathing in room air, the O₂ saturation in the patient's hemoglobin falls to below 94% at 50 ppm NO, and above 203 ppm, NO causes severe hypoxemia by reducing the O₂ saturation to below its critical value of 88%. We predict that patients respond to O₂ therapy up to inhaled NO levels of 271 ppm, above which they are candidates for methylene blue therapy.     

肺结核患者的护理

目的探讨肺结核患者的护理措施。方法对我院2006年2月至2009年10月580例肺结核患者的护理措施进行回顾分析。结果580例肺结核患者经过精心的护理,460例临床治愈,120例好转。结论科学有效的护理措施,可提高肺结核的治疗效果,有利于促进肺结核患者早日康复。     

Nest Liquid Resources of Several Cavity Nesting Bees in the Genus Centris and the Identification of a Preservative, Levulinic Acid

Twig-nesting species of bees in the genus Centris including C. bicornuta, C. analis, C. vittata, and C. nitida, found in the dry forest of Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica, provision their nests with pollen and nectar, rather than pollen and oil as reported for other Centris species. The liquid contents of the nests of these four species were found to contain sugars including 66–75% fructose, 25–33% glucose, and a trace of sucrose. The sugar concentration averaged 47.2%, slightly higher than most flower nectars. No tri-, di-, or monoglycerides, the main components of the flower oil of Byrsonima crassifolia, were detected in the nest provisions. Although these four Centris species are also known to collect oil from B. crassifolia, the oil appears to be used for activities other than nest provisioning. The liquid nest contents did have a slight goat-like odor, suggesting the presence of short-chain fatty acids, and were found to contain a small amount (less than 1%) of three fatty acids. Two of these, butanoic and octanoic acid, were found in trace amounts and are responsible for the goat-like odor. A third was identified as levulinic acid, which made up about 99% of the nest fatty acid contents. This fatty acid had little odor, but may be important as a fungicidal agent. Attempts to determine the source of the fatty acids, were not successful.     

深圳市胸透普查肺结核阳性检出率合理性评价

本文根据国际ＢＳＳ建议的原则估算了深圳市胸透普查肺结核阳性检出率的正当化水平，其中对于寿命损失或延长的社会经济学价值采用了人力资本法，结果为阳性检出率应不小于４３．３／万，若只考虑辐射致癌可能造成的死亡率增加和杜绝肺结核传染源后可能的死亡率降低，则阳性检出率应不小于３．３２／万，深圳市１９９６年肺结核发病率为５．２５／万左右，显然已不宜采用胸透普查法。     

Solitary wave simulations of Complex Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation using differential quadrature method

Complex Modified Korteweg-deVries Equation is solved numerically using differential quadrature method based on cosine expansion. Three test problems, motion of single solitary wave, interaction of solitary waves and wave generation, are simulated. The accuracy of the method is measured via the discrete root mean square error norm L₂, maximum error norm L_∞ for the motion of single solitary wave since it has an analytical solution. A rate of convergency analysis for motion of single solitary wave containing both real and imaginary parts is also given. Lowest three conserved quantities are computed for all test problems. A comparison with some earlier works is given.     

A Dual-Petrov-Galerkin Method for the Kawahara-Type Equations

An efficient and accurate numerical scheme is proposed, analyzed and implemented for the Kawahara and modified Kawahara equations which model many physical phenomena such as gravity-capillary waves and magneto-sound propagation in plasmas. The scheme consists of dual-Petrov-Galerkin method in space and Crank-Nicholson-leap-frog in time such that at each time step only a sparse banded linear system needs to be solved. Theoretical analysis and numerical results are presented to show that the proposed numerical is extremely accurate and efficient for Kawahara type equations and other fifth-order nonlinear equations. This work is partially supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under the grant NSC 94-2115-M-126-004 and 95-2115-M-126-003. This work is partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0610646.     

Proteomics of pulmonary hypertension: Could personalized profiles lead to personalized medicine?

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal syndrome that arises from a multifactorial and complex background, is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart afterload, and often leads to cor pulmonale. Over the past decades, remarkable progress has been made in reducing patient symptoms and delaying the progression of the disease. Unfortunately, PH remains a disease with no cure. The substantial heterogeneity of PH continues to be a major limitation to the development of newer and more efficacious therapies. New advances in our understanding of the biological pathways leading to such a complex pathogenesis will require the identification of the important proteins and protein networks that differ between a healthy lung (or right ventricle) and a remodeled lung in an individual with PH. In this article, we present the case for the increased use of proteomics—the study of proteins and protein networks—as a discovery tool for key proteins and protein networks operational in the PH lung. We review recent applications of proteomics in PH, and summarize the biological pathways identified. Finally, we attempt to presage what the future will bring with regard to proteomics in PH and offer our perspectives on the prospects of developing personalized proteomics and custom-tailored therapies.