Microsoft,Open Source and the software ecosystem: of predators and prey—the leopard can change its spots

Over the past few years, Microsoft has promoted a project called ‘Shared Source Initiative’, which allows certain customers (e.g., research institutions and independent software vendors) access to its source code on a restricted basis. As part of this initiative, Microsoft introduced some licences that appear to give unrestricted access to source code and closely resemble ‘traditional’ Open Source licences. In July 2007, two of these ‘shared source’ licenses (the Microsoft Community Licence and the Microsoft Permissive Licence) were submitted to the Open Source Initiative (OSI) and subsequently approved by the OSI as certified Open Source licences. Thus Microsoft's Shared Source Initiative and its partial embrace of Open Source appear to be a significant step towards closing the ideological rift between developers of proprietary software and the Free/Open Source software movement, and more than just another attempt to appease consumers and/or critics in terms of software transparency. By analysing the ‘evolution’ of Microsoft's Shared Source licences, this article aims to shed some light on the question what is needed for a ‘predator’ (i.e., proprietary, software developer) such as Microsoft to become ‘prey’ (i.e., be part of the Open Source community). This article concludes that, although Microsoft's efforts are to be lauded, it is highly unlikely that the company will embrace fully the Open Source philosophy in the near future.     

数字光信号源：—光纤通信系统的一种新型配套仪器

本文叙述了数字光信号源的主要用途、性能参数、工作原理和电路设计原理及原理图。     

A large-time-stepping scheme for balance equations

A well-balanced, large-time-stepping method for conservation laws with source terms is presented. The numerical method is based on a local reformulation of the balance law as a conservation law with a discontinuous flux function, and the approximate solution of this equation by a front tracking method. This yields an unconditionally stable method which is particularly well suited to calculate stationary states. The viability of this approach is demonstrated by several numerical examples. KHK has been supported in part by an Outstanding Young Investigators Award from the Research Council of Norway.     

按需印书闯出一片天地

<正>按需印书(Books Print On Demand),简单地说就是书籍在需要的时候才印,不必事先印刷囤积,是“零存货”的概念。日本丰田汽车早年提出“零”装配流程,零件正好在用到的时候送来,待料的时间等于零,存货也等于零,产能因此大幅     

Design and implementation of a VSC for interconnection with power grids,using the method of identification the system through state space for the calculation of controllers

The paper presents the analysis, design and results of a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) when applying PID Controller. Results were obtained through digital simulation and through physical implementation. VSC allows to control independently the active power and reactive power flow injected to the grid. PID controller was implemented considering the system model. The model is obtained through of the identification using state space.     

简化源项计算方法

利用程序包STCP估算核电厂在发生严重事故情况下释放到环境的放射性源项需要耗费大量计算机时间和费用。所以,对所有感兴趣的事故情景完成源项程序包的计算实际上是不可能的。为此,发展了一个简化源项计算方法。它的基本思想如下:首先利用STCP计算几个选择的序列,然后根据放射性释放和事故进程的特点处理和分析由STCP计算得到的结果,得出一些特定参数,其它事故序列的源项能够通过这些参数的重新组合得到。     

Perceived Air Quality,Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Symptoms and Productivity in an Office with Two Different Pollution Loads

Abstract Perceived air quality, Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms and productivity were studied in an existing office in which the air pollution level could be modified by introducing or removing a pollution source. This reversible intervention allowed the space to be classified as either non-low-polluting or low-polluting, as specified in the new European design criteria for the indoor environment CEN CR 1752 (1998). The pollution source was a 20-year-old used carpet which was introduced on a rack behind a screen so that it was invisible to the occupants. Five groups of six female subjects each were exposed to the conditions in the office twice, once with the pollution source present and once with the pollution source absent, each exposure being 265 min in the afternoon, one group at a time. They assessed the perceived air quality and SBS symptoms while performing simulated office work. The subject-rated acceptability of the perceived air quality in the office corresponded to 22% dissatisfied when the pollution source was present, and to 15% dissatisfied when the pollution source was absent. In the former condition there was a significantly increased prevalence of headaches (P= 0.04) and significantly lower levels of reported effort (P=0.02) during the text typing and calculation tasks, both of which required a sustained level of concentration. In the text typing task, subjects worked significantly more slowly when the pollution source was present in the office (P=0.003), typing 6.5% less text than when the pollution source was absent from the office. Reducing the pollution load on indoor air proved to be an effective means of improving the comfort, health and productivity of building occupants.     

Temporal trend and source apportionment of water pollution in different functional zones of Qiantang River, China

The increasingly serious river water pollution in developing countries poses great threat to environmental health and human welfare. The assignment of river function to specific uses, known as zoning, is a useful tool to reveal variations of water environmental adaptability to human impact. Therefore, characterizing the temporal trend and identifying responsible pollution sources in different functional zones could greatly improve our knowledge about human impacts on the river water environment. The aim of this study is to obtain a deeper understanding of temporal trends and sources of water pollution in different functional zones with a case study of the Qiantang River, China. Measurement data were obtained and pretreated for 13 variables from 41 monitoring sites in four categories of functional zones during the period 1996-2004. An exploratory approach, which combines smoothing and non-parametric statistical tests, was applied to characterize trends of four significant parameters (permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, total cadmium and fluoride) accounting for differences among different functional zones identified by discriminant analysis. Aided by GIS, yearly pollution index (PI) for each monitoring site was further mapped to compare the within-group variations in temporal dynamics for different functional zones. Rotated principal component analysis and receptor model (absolute principle component score-multiple linear regression, APCS-MLR) revealed that potential pollution sources and their corresponding contributions varied among the four functional zones. Variations of APCS values for each site of one functional zone as well as their annual average values highlighted the uncertainties associated with cross space-time effects in source apportionment. All these results reinforce the notion that the concept of zoning should be taken seriously in water pollution control. Being applicable to other rivers, the framework of management-oriented source apportionment is thus believed to have potentials to offer new insights into water management and advance the source apportionment framework as an operational basis for national and local governments.     

日本福岛第一核电站事故源项及后果评价

根据已有的日本福岛第一核电站相关资料,利用美国核管理委员会《轻水堆核电厂事故源项》中的假设条件,计算出事故后安全壳内的放射性源项,综合考虑各种不确定性因素,得出较为保守的环境释放源项。采用美国核管理委员会RG 1.4中大气扩散模式的假设计算大气弥散因子,并应用ICRP 71号出版物F、GR 12号报告等资料中的剂量计算...     

两起辐照装置卡源事件的处理及经验教训

介绍了河南杞县利民辐照厂和广州市辐照技术研究开发中心两起同类性质卡源事件的梗概和处理过程;讨论了这两起卡源事件对公众的影响及政府采取的应对和补救措施;总结了卡源事件处理过程的经验和教训.