Microstructural evolution and mechanism of grain growth in magnesia ceramics prepared by high pressure and temperature with ultra-high heating rate

The fast densification method of combustion reaction plus quick pressing was adopted to prepare nanocrystalline ceramics.The densification process of magnesia compact with a particle size of 100 nm was investigated,under the applied pressure of up to 170 MPa,and the temperature range of 1740–2080 K with ultra-high heating rate(above 1700 K/min).High-purity magnesia ceramics with a relative density of 98.8%and an average grain size of 120 nm was obtained at 1740 K,and the grain growth during the densification process was effectively restrained.The characteristic morphology of evaporation-condensation was observed in the compact prepared at 2080 K,which revealed the actual process of mass transfer by gas diffusion.Moreover,the investigation on the microstructure evolution and mechanism of grain growth was carried out,on the basis of as-preserved nanocrystalline ceramics.The result indicated that the grain growth of the nanocrystalline MgO was controlled by the mechanism of evaporation-condensation rather than surface diffusion.Furthermore,the pressure had an influence of restraining the grain growth based on solid diffusion and strengthening the effect of gas diffusion with the increasing temperature.Under the particular conditions,there existed an appropriate temperature for the densification of nanocrystalline magnesia,while the excessive temperature would exaggerate grain growth and impede densification.     

Evaluation of rope shovel operators in surface coal mining using a Multi-Attribute Decision-Making model简

Rope shovels are used to dig and load materials in surface mines. One of the main factors that influence the production rate and energy consumption of rope shovels is the performance of the operator. This paper presents a method for evaluating rope shovel operators using the Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) model. Data used in this research were collected from an operating surface coal mine in the southern United States. The MADM model consists of attributes, their weights of importance, and alternatives. Shovel operators are considered the alternatives. The energy consumption model was developed with multiple regression analysis, and its variables were included in the MADM model as attributes. Preferences with respect to min/max of the defined attributes were obtained with multi-objective optimization. Multi-objective optimization was conducted with the overall goal of minimizing energy consumption and maximizing production rate. Weights of importance of the attributes were determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The overall evaluation of operators was performed by one of the MADM models, i.e., PROMETHEE II. The research results presented here may be used by mining professionals to help evaluate the performance of rope shovel operators in surface mining.     

大跨悬索桥索梁锚固区疲劳养护概率优化方法

合理的桥梁养护规划应在养护费用与失效风险之间找到一个合理的平衡.将养护费用分为检测费用,维修费用与失效费用,将线弹性断裂力学、结构可靠度理论、全寿命成本分析法结合起来,提出了基于全寿命周期成本的焊接构件疲劳养护概率优化的方法.考虑了检测概率、养护决策者的维修意愿、维修措施概率和失效概率等多种因素,把桥梁养护优化问题变为在焊接结构或构件满足在生命周期内最小允许可靠度的基础下,养护总费用最小的问题,并提出了简化计算方法.以青草背长江大桥索梁锚固区的关键疲劳细节养护为例,研究了主要参数对最优检测时刻的影响,研究结果表明,考虑了失效成本后,最优疲劳养护时刻提前,折现率对养护费用影响明显.当车辆荷载逐年增加时,索梁锚固区在设计基准期内疲劳破坏风险增大,应引起足够的重视.     

高温高应变率下AM60B镁合金力学性能及失效行为

为了研究镁合金在高温、高应变速率下的变形行为及失效机制,采用分离式Hopkinson压杆在应变速率为1 600~4 500 s^-1、温度为27~150 ℃范围内,对真空压铸AM60B镁合金进行了动态压缩实验,并采用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对压缩后的组织进行了观察.结果表明:在所测试的应变范围内,随着应变率的提高,应力-应变曲线均呈现上升趋势,且最大应变也随之增加,表现出正应变率强化效应.在150 ℃时真空压铸AM60B镁合金变形能力最好; 50 ℃时断裂强度最高.真空压铸AM60B镁合金在高温及高应变率下的断裂方式为以解理断裂为主并伴有韧性断裂的混合断裂方式.当变形温度低于150 ℃时,真空压铸AM60B镁合金在高应变率压缩下的变形机制主要是滑移.     

枝晶间距对镍基单晶合金蠕变性能的影响

为了研究枝晶间距对镍基单晶合金组织与蠕变性能的影响,采用不同抽拉速率制备出两种不同枝晶间距的单晶镍基合金.通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了枝晶间距对合金成分偏析及蠕变性能的影响.结果表明,随着合金枝晶间距的减小,元素成分偏析程度降低,且在相同热处理条件下,枝晶间距较小的合金具有较好的蠕变性能.合金在稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错攀移越过筏状γ′相,而蠕变后期的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和切入筏状γ′相.蠕变断裂后,在试样不同区域筏状γ′相具有不同的形貌,在远离断口区域,筏状γ′相与应力轴方向垂直,而在近断口区域,筏状γ′相尺寸及扭曲程度均增加.     

发泡丁腈橡胶-金属密封板的制备

针对发泡橡胶-金属密封板的泡孔不均匀而导致的密封板密封性较差的问题,采用丁腈橡胶为涂覆层,不锈钢板为基体制备发泡丁腈橡胶-金属密封板,分别研究时间、温度、发泡剂用量和环氧树脂用量四个单因素对涂覆橡胶发泡率的影响,采用正交实验优化出最佳工艺条件为:发泡剂用量10%、环氧树脂用量30%、硫化温度140 ℃和硫化时间20 min.200 ℃热稳定性实验结果表明,密封板不起皮、失重为0.08 g; 偏光显微镜研究密封板的微观形貌表明,泡孔平均直径为68.35 μm,发泡均匀,有助于密封性能的提高.     

多场作用下海水淡化温度响应

探究多场作用下海水蒸发速率的温度响应关系.实验结果表明,超声波与磁场协同作用时,海水温度55℃以下主要表现出超声波的作用效果,超过55℃磁场作用表现明显.超声波与自由表面波频率相近时发生共振,使空化作用产生的微米级液滴能够克服表面张力,从宏观上加速海水蒸发;微观上,磁场作用改变水分子及团簇的结构、盐离子的热运动,进一步改变海水黏度、扩散系数等传递特性.两者的协同作用可为海水淡化提供新的思路.     

Motion compensation approach for wide-swath missile-borne SAR imagery

In wide-swath missile-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, the range-variant residual phase modulation, which is introduced by the presence of trajectory deviations, will seriously degrade the focusing quality of the final image. To deal with this problem, a motion compensation approach for missile-borne SAR is proposed. In the approach, the signal model of motion error for diving movement is established. Then, according to the inertial navigation system (INS) information, the range-variant residual Doppler rates of the echoes are extracted by using the Doppler rate estimation, on the basis of which the corresponding phase error can be calculated and compensated. Simulation results show that, by using the proposed approach, the influences of the motion error on focusing are greatly reduced with the well focused image obtained.     

硬脂酸/膨胀石墨复合相变储热的动力学研究

采用真空吸附法制备硬脂酸(SA)/膨胀石墨(EG)复合相变储热材料,利用差示量热扫描法(DSC)研究SA及SA/EG复合材料的非等温熔化和结晶过程动力学。运用Kissinger和Ozawa两种动力学数据处理方法对样品的非等温熔化DSC曲线进行处理,应用Mo法分析各样品的非等温结晶动力学特性。结果表明:SA/EG复合材料具有储热密度大、导热系数高且相变过程中无液相物质泄漏的优点;EG多孔结构的物理吸附作用会阻碍SA分子链段的扩散,使其熔化过程中的表观活化能升高;但EG的异相成核和传热强化作用能促进SA的相变,有利于降低其过冷度,提高其相变速率。     

钢衬钢筋混凝土管外包混凝土裂缝宽度计算公式安全度水平研究

通过引入等效保证率概念,对现有不同钢衬钢筋混凝土管外包混凝土结构裂缝宽度计算公式的计算精度以及安全度水平进行了分析比较。结果表明,前苏联П-780—83公式和董哲仁公式计算精度相对较高,其等效保证率分别达到了80.54%和92.38%。提出了两套钢衬钢筋混凝土管外包混凝土结构裂缝宽度计算建议方案:方案一为采用前苏联П-780—83中裂缝宽度计算公式计算,将计算值乘以增大系数1.2;方案二为采用董哲仁建议的裂缝宽度计算公式计算,其中平均裂缝间距改用国茂华公式。