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11.
Christopher Small 《Remote sensing of environment》2006,104(2):168-189
Urban environmental conditions are strongly dependent on the biophysical properties and radiant thermal field of the land cover elements in the urban mosaic. Observations of urban reflectance and surface temperature provide valuable constraints on the physical properties that are determinants of mass and energy fluxes in the urban environment. Consistencies in the covariation of surface temperature with reflectance properties can be parameterized to represent characteristics of the surface energy flux associated with different land covers and physical conditions. Linear mixture models can accurately represent Landsat ETM+ reflectances as fractions of generic spectral endmembers that correspond to land surface materials with distinct physical properties. Modeling heterogeneous land cover as mixtures of rock and/or soil Substrate, Vegetation and non-reflective Dark surface (SVD) generic endmembers makes it possible to quantify the dependence of aggregate surface temperature on the relative abundance of each physical component of the land cover, thereby distinguishing the effects of vegetation abundance, soil exposure, albedo and shadowing. Comparing these covariations in a wide variety of urban settings and physical environments provides a more robust indication of the global variability in these parameter spaces than could be inferred from a single study area. A comparative analysis of 24 urban areas and their non-urban peripheries illustrates the variability in the urban thermal fields and its dependence on biophysical land surface components. Contrary to expectation, moderate resolution intra-urban variations in surface temperature are generally as large as regional surface heat island signatures in these urban areas. Many of the non-temperate urban areas did not have surface heat island signatures at all. However, the multivariate distributions of surface temperature and generic endmember fractions reveal consistent patterns of thermal fraction covariation resulting from land cover characteristics. The Thermal-Vegetation (TV) fraction space illustrates the considerable variability in the well-known inverse correlation between surface temperature and vegetation fraction at moderate (< 100 m) spatial resolutions. The Thermal-Substrate (TS) fraction space reveals energetic thresholds where competing effects of albedo, illumination and soil moisture determine the covariation of maximum and minimum temperature with illuminated substrate fraction. The dark surface endmember fraction represents a fundamental ambiguity in the radiance signal because it can correspond to either absorptive (e.g. low albedo asphalt), transmissive (e.g. deep clear water) or shadowed (e.g. tree canopy shadow) surfaces. However, in areas where dark surface composition can be inferred from spatial context, the different responses of these surfaces may still allow them to be distinguished in the thermal fraction space. 相似文献
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Pierluigi Guerrini De LucaClaudio Scali 《Chemical engineering science》2002,57(11):2077-2087
Applicability of different temperature oscillation calorimetry algorithms, previously proposed in the literature, for the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient during the course of the reaction, is analysed by referring to the experimental data from a methyl methacrylate polymerisation reactor.Results are coincident in the nominal case (no errors on data), while differences appear in the elaboration of real data. The effect of uncertainty in the experimental data has been simulated in terms of error on the amplitude and on the phase of reactor and jacket temperature profiles.This approach allows to indicate algorithms having the best robustness properties and to give an explanation of phase errors in terms of a lumped parameter which accounts for different phenomena, not included in the basic hypotheses of the method. Based on this observation, a procedure to eliminate this source of errors from experimental data is proposed for the more general algorithm presented to handle oscillating temperature profiles generated by different techniques. 相似文献
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李智慧 《石油化工安全环保技术》2003,19(4):44-46,22
对催柴加氢装置分馏系统空冷存在的问题进行了剖析,认为两塔回流温度不能同时满足工艺需要的主要原因是2台空冷共用风机造成的,并对改造方案进行了比较。 相似文献
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通过对MgO:LiNbO3参量过程温度相位匹配及走离角,允许参量等运转参数的理论计算与分析,确定了晶体的切割角度θ=82℃,以近非临界相位匹配(NCPM)取代NCPM,将温度调节范围控制在较低的温度上,研制了532nm泵浦的MgO:LiNbO3温度调谐脉冲光学参数振荡器(OPO),在800~1700nm波段实现连续调谐输出。参量泵浦功率密度阈值为57.3MW/cm^2,泵浦能量约2倍阈值处,单谐振(SRO)参量转换效率为11%以上。 相似文献
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10000m3/h制氧机板式换热器损坏修复后,热端跑冷严重,氧气取出量不足,制氧机工况恶化,通过分析找出了原因是因某单元氧通道堵塞,并采取了处理措施。 相似文献
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常规双极晶体管在77K下电流增益和频率性能都严重退化。本文首先分析了低温双极晶体管基区Gummel数,基区方块电阻,渡越时间和穿通电压等参数与温度及基区掺杂的关系,然后讨论了低温双极器件基区的优化设计问题。 相似文献
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在宝钢钢管调质炉(IPSEN炉)控制系统的改造中,用西门子S7-400的PID功能软件模块改造原模拟调节器,以实现加热调质温度控制.介绍了用S7-400的PID控制模块构成淬火炉、淬火油槽、回火炉温度控制的方法,并由此提出对宝钢钢管生产中其它加热炉控制系统改造的选择方案. 相似文献