高效液相色谱法测定花生酱中黄曲霉毒素B1结果不确定度的评定

结合CNAS—GL06:2006《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》和JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中规定的基本程序,分析测量不确定性的来源,计算测量结果的相对扩展不确定度。结果显示花生酱中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量为25.12μg/kg,相对扩展不确定度为2.1%,测定结果可表示为X=(25.12±0.528)μg/kg,k=2。在影响检测结果的6个不确定度分量中,样品前处理过程和标准工作液配制引入的不确定度对结果影响较大。可通过减少这些不确定度分量以提高测量结果的质量和准确度。     

远红外辐照对大米黄曲霉孢子及其产毒能力的影响

以接种黄曲霉孢子的大米为原料,采用远红外辐照杀菌技术,研究了红外辐照对黄曲霉孢子的杀灭效果、生长曲线和产黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)能力的影响,同时考察了其对大米的色泽、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白等品质的影响。结果表明,远红外对黄曲霉孢子的杀灭效果随着辐照温度的升高和时间的延长而显著增强。当大米含水率为30%时,辐照温度115℃处理5 min,黄曲霉对数降低值(lgS)为2.96±0.28,AFB1总量下降63.09%,单位菌体产毒量下降38.44%;当大米含水率为20%时,lgS为2.04±0.17,AFB1总量下降55.04%,单位菌体产毒量下降22.54%。采用先115℃高温处理5min后70℃保温5 min,大米黄曲霉lgS3.87,L、b、△E和游离氨基酸含量均无显著性差异,可溶性蛋白含量随着处理时间的延长逐渐降低。     

牡蛎蛋白酶解多肽降糖及抗氧化活性评价

目的:利用化学方法评价9种酶对牡蛎蛋白酶解所得多肽降血糖和抗氧化活性的影响,筛选最佳酶的种类。方法:以牡蛎蛋白酶解多肽对α-淀粉酶抑制率为指标评价其体外辅助降血糖活性,以DPPH·清除率、超氧阴离子抑制率为指标评价牡蛎蛋白酶解多肽的体外抗氧化活性,筛选出最佳用酶。结果:风味蛋白酶得到的多肽对α-淀粉酶的抑制效果最好,5 mg/mL时抑制率达到67.13%,IC₅₀值为3.806 mg/mL;糜蛋白酶酶解得到的多肽对DPPH·的清除率最高,2 mg/mL时清除率为58.09%,IC₅₀值为1.16 mg/mL;同时,糜蛋白酶酶解得到的多肽对超氧阴离子的抑制率也最高,2 mg/mL时抑制率为53.64%,IC₅₀值为1.75 mg/mL。结论:风味蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶酶解所得牡蛎多肽在降糖和抗氧化方面具有较大的潜力,为进一步开展牡蛎蛋白酶解多肽的研究提供参考。     

乳酸菌发酵对茶花粉营养成分及生物活性的影响

为研究茶花粉乳酸菌发酵前后基本营养成分以及生物活性的影响。以茶花粉为原料在嗜热链球菌和植物乳杆菌的共同作用下进行发酵处理后分析测定发酵前后基本营养成分,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性以及清除羟自由基能力的变化。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵茶花粉发酵终点为72 h,发酵茶花粉与未发酵茶花粉相比,还原糖、脂肪含量有所降低,灰分、蛋白质、多酚、黄酮含量分别有不同程度的提高,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)由49.09 mg/mL降低到38.79 mg/mL,并且清除羟自由基能力的半抑制浓度(EC₅₀)由4.49 mg/mL提高到5.78 mg/mL。该研究为茶花粉乳酸菌发酵产物的开发利用提供了实验参考。     

桑葛降糖粉的生产工艺与体外活性研究

桑葛降糖粉是当下正在研究的一种新型的降血糖保健食品,以多糖和异黄酮为主要有效成分。本文综合考虑药材中的降血糖活性成分和实际生产,选取桑叶和葛根的最佳提取工艺,并对产品进行体外活性验证。分别以桑叶多糖和葛根素的得率及干膏得率为指标,通过正交实验确定桑叶和葛根的最佳提取工艺。以总多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性为指标考察桑葛降糖粉的体外活性。结果表明:桑叶的最佳提取工艺为50倍量水于80 ℃浸取3次,每次提取1.0 h;葛根的最佳提取工艺为12倍量70%乙醇,80 ℃水浴,提取2次,每次2 h,经过验证,桑叶多糖的得率为3.86%,葛根素的得率为26.30%,提取效果较好。对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别是:阿卡波糖为0.0648 g/L,桑葛降糖粉中的总多糖为0.1862 g/L,桑叶多糖为0.3798 g/L,桑葛降糖粉呈现出对α-葡萄糖苷酶良好的活性抑制作用,且与桑叶多糖比较,其活性显著提高(p<0.01)。生产工艺的确定和体外活性结果为桑葛降糖粉的深入研究及生产奠定了基础。     

Genetic analysis of geraniol metabolism during fermentation

Geraniol produced by grape is the main precursor of terpenols which play a key role in the floral aroma of white wines. We investigated the fate of geraniol during wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The volatile compounds produced during fermentation of a medium enriched with geraniol were extracted by Stir-bar sorptive extraction and analysed by GC–MS. We were able to detect and quantify geranyl acetate but also citronellyl- and neryl-acetate. The presence of these compounds partly explains the disparition of geraniol. The amounts of terpenyl esters are strain dependant. We demonstrated both by gene overexpression and gene-deletion the involvement of ATF1 enzyme but not ATF2 in the acetylation of terpenols. The affinity of ATF1 enzyme for several terpenols and for isoamyl alcohol was compared. We also demonstrated that OYE2 is the enzyme involved in geraniol to citronellol reduction. Fermenting strain deleted from OYE2 gene produces far less citronellol than wild type strain. Moreover lab strain over-expressing OYE2 allows 87% geraniol to citronellol reduction in bioconversion experiment compared to about 50% conversion with control strain.     

A Review on Structure–Activity Relationship of Dietary Polyphenols Inhibiting α-Amylase

The inhibitory effects of dietary polyphenols against α-amylase have attracted great interest among researchers. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the research reports on the structure–activity relationship of polyphenols inhibiting α-amylase. The molecular structures that influence the inhibition are the following: (1) The hydroxylation of flavonoids improved the inhibitory effect on α-amylase; (2) Presence of an unsaturated 2,3-bond in conjugation with a 4-carbonyl group has been associated with stronger inhibition; (3) The glycosylation of flavonoids decreased the inhibitory effect on α-amylase depending on the conjugation site and the class of sugar moiety; (4) The methylation and methoxylation of flavonoids obviously weakened the inhibitory effect; (5) The galloylated catechins have higher inhibition than nongalloylated catechins; the catechol-type catechins were stronger than the pyrogallol-type catechins; the inhibition activities of the catechins with 2,3-trans structure were higher than those of the catechins with 2,3-cis structure; (6) Cyanidin-3-glucoside showed higher inhibition against than cyanidin and cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside had no inhibitory activity; (7) Ellagitannins with β-galloyl groups at glucose C-1 positions have higher inhibitory effect than the α-galloyl and nongalloyl compounds and the molecular weight of ellagitannins is not an important element.     

Detection and identification of genetically modified EE‐1 brinjal (Solanum melongena) by single,multiplex and SYBR® real‐time PCR

BACKGROUND: Brinjal is an important vegetable crop. Major crop loss of brinjal is due to insect attack. Insect‐resistant EE‐1 brinjal has been developed and is awaiting approval for commercial release. Consumer health concerns and implementation of international labelling legislation demand reliable analytical detection methods for genetically modified (GM) varieties. RESULTS: End‐point and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to detect EE‐1 brinjal. In end‐point PCR, primer pairs specific to 35S CaMV promoter, NOS terminator and nptII gene common to other GM crops were used. Based on the revealed 3′ transgene integration sequence, primers specific for the event EE‐1 brinjal were designed. These primers were used for end‐point single, multiplex and SYBR‐based real‐time PCR. End‐point single PCR showed that the designed primers were highly specific to event EE‐1 with a sensitivity of 20 pg of genomic DNA, corresponding to 20 copies of haploid EE‐1 brinjal genomic DNA. The limits of detection and quantification for SYBR‐based real‐time PCR assay were 10 and 100 copies respectively. CONCLUSION: The prior development of detection methods for this important vegetable crop will facilitate compliance with any forthcoming labelling regulations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical composition and functional characterisation of commercial pumpkin seed oil

BACKGROUND: Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil is a common product in Slovenia, Hungary and Austria and is considered a preventive agent for various pathologies, particularly prostate diseases. These properties are related to its high content of carotenoids and liposoluble vitamins. In this study the carotenoid (lutein and zeaxanthin), vitamin E (α‐ and γ‐tocopherol) and fatty acid contents of 12 samples of commercial pumpkin seed oil were investigated together with the composition of the volatile fraction resulting from the roasting process. RESULTS: The aromatic profile obtained from the commercial samples was directly related to the intensity of the roasting process of the crushed pumpkin seeds. The roasting temperature played a crucial role in the concentrations of volatile substances originating from Strecker degradation, lipid peroxidation and Maillard reaction. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that high‐temperature roasting leads to the production of an oil with intense aromatic characteristics, while mild conditions, generally employed to obtain an oil with professed therapeutic characteristics, lead to a product with minor characteristic pumpkin seed oil aroma. The nutraceutical properties of the product are confirmed by the high content of α‐ and γ‐tocopherol and carotenoids. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Analytical evaluation of two monovarietal virgin olive oils cultivated in the south of Tunisia: Jemri‐Bouchouka and Chemlali‐Tataouin cultivars

BACKGROUND: The characterisation of virgin olive oils from two Tunisian cultivars, growing in the Tataouin zone, namely Jemri‐Bouchouka, a rare olive cultivar, and Chemlali‐Tataouin, was carried out. Several analytical parameters were evaluated; these include quality index, fatty acids, phenolic, chlorophyll, carotenoid, squalene, α‐tocopherol compositions and oxidative stability. RESULTS: Jemri‐Bouchouka olive oil had the highest value of oleic acid (74.50%) while Chemlali‐Tataouin was characterised by a high percentage of palmitic acid (14.75%), which makes this oil freeze at a low temperature. On the other hand, Jemri‐Bouchouka oil was characterised by a low phenolic and α‐tocopherol content (267.72 mg GAE kg^?1 and 278.34 mg kg^?1, respectively). Ten phenolic compounds were identified. The main phenols found in the two olive oils were oleuropein aglycon and pinoresinol. All phenolic compounds showed significant correlations with oxidative stability. CONCLUSION: The analytical parameters of virgin olive oil that were determined in this study were greatly influenced by cultivar. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry