Microbial characterisation and stability of a farmhouse natural fermented milk from Spain

This work reports the microbial characterisation of a farmhouse natural fermented milk (NFM) with good sensorial properties produced in Spain. Culturing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses showed thatLactococcus lactissubsp.lactis and L. lactissubsp.cremoris(approximate levels of 10⁹ cfu/mL) were dominant in this NFM, whileLactobacillus plantarumappeared at a lower level (10⁶–10⁷ cfu/mL). Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)‐PCR typing of the isolates identified single strains each ofLc. lactissubsp.lactis, Lc. lactissubsp.cremorisandLb. plantarum. These three strains formed a stable microbial association which has been maintained for at least some decades.     

Biogenic amines in traditional fermented sausages produced in selected European countries

Aminogenesis in traditional fermented sausages produced in Europe was studied during manufacturing process taking into account technological, physico-chemical and microbial factors. Tyramine was the major amine, followed by putrescine and cadaverine, although the occurrence of di-amines was much more variable. By principal component analysis, relationships between aminogenesis and the country of origin, physico-chemical parameters, processing conditions and microbial counts, were not found, probably due to the high dispersion observed in those variables. Therefore, biogenic amines occurred irrespectively of physico-chemical changes and technological conditions applied for sausage manufacture. By cluster analysis, five groups of fermented sausages were identified on the basis of their quantitative and qualitative profile of total biogenic amine content. Group A included products from very low to low total amine content (from not detected to 150 mg/kg); group B, products with moderate levels (from 150 to 350 mg/kg) tyramine being the major amine; group C, also with moderate amine contents but cadaverine being the major amine; and groups D and E, comprising products with high (from 350 to 550 mg/kg) and very high (higher than 550 mg/kg) amine content, respectively. Samples with moderate, high or very high levels of biogenic amines could be considered as products of less quality, and their consumption could be unhealthy for sensitive individuals or for those under classical monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug therapy.     

中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单研究(第二版)

食品用微生物菌种是我国传统发酵食品产业的重要种质资源。该文在第一版的基础上,对分离自我国酒类、乳制品类、调味品类和发酵茶等传统发酵食品的微生物菌种进行了收集、补充和整理,形成了第二版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单。该名单共涵盖56个属124种,包括细菌74种,酵母22种和丝状真菌28种;较第一版新增菌种49种,主要涵盖醋杆菌属(Acetobacter spp.)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、伴生乳杆菌属(Companilactobacillus spp.)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus spp.)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella spp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium spp.)、假丝酵母属(Candida spp.)、德巴利酵母属(Debaryomycesspp.)、毕赤酵母属(Pichiaspp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、散囊菌属(Eurotiumspp.)和根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)等。更新了第一版名单中41个菌种的分类学信息。该研究为补充和完善我国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种的应用及管理,促进我国发酵食品产业健康发展提供了参考和依据。     

湘南民间家具的装饰特征研究

湘南民间家具具有独特的湘楚文化特征,它诠释了湘南民间艺术的风格特征和当地人文习俗及思想观念,成为湘南文化的重要载体。本文以湘南传统的民间家具的装饰特色为主要研究对象,重点从其独特的手工雕刻工艺着手探讨湘南民间家具的木雕装饰艺术,以期能为传统的民间艺术找到一条适应现代化发展的可行思路。     

Analysis of flavor volatile compounds by dynamic headspace in traditional and hybrid cultivars of Spanish tomatoes

A system specifically designed for the non-destructive analysis of volatile organic compounds in fresh tomatoes, based on a dynamic headspace technique, has been set up to quantify the volatile aroma constituents of tomato fruits. This system will reduce the high variability associated to sample selection in post-harvest studies. Volatile compounds with a major contribution to aroma have been quantitatively determined in two traditional tomato cultivars and one commercial F1 hybrid. One of the traditional cultivars, “De la Pera,” got the highest values of odor and aroma in sensory tests performed using a trained panel of 10 assessors. The same cultivar showed significantly higher contents of all eight volatile compounds studied (hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, cis-3-hexenol, 1-hexanol, 1-nitro-3-methylbutane, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-isobutylthiazole, and β-ionone). Significant differences among traditional and hybrid tomato cultivars can be detected for volatile compounds, thus allowing the use of volatile determination as a possible tool in tomato breeding programs.     

中国传统园林建筑的装饰艺术

紧随着建筑文化的兴起,装饰作为一种艺术手段,很早就被应用到建筑领域。 本文着重探讨了中国传统园林建筑装饰的类型与装饰艺术的几种主要方法。     

Moisture sorption characteristics of milk<Emphasis Type="Italic"> burfi</Emphasis>, an traditional Indian sweet,using sugar substitutes

Moisture sorption data are useful in choosing suitable packaging material having a desirable water vapour barrier property in addition to determining the stability of the product. The sorption isotherms of milk burfi, one of the important Indian traditional milk-based sweets, using sugar and sugar substitutes were determined. The product was prepared replacing sugar with sorbitol, maltodextrin (MD)+polydextrose (PD), and PD alone, along with aspartame to give an equi-sweetness level compared to sugar. The isotherms followed typical sigmoidal shape, characteristic of sugar-rich products. The curve for burfi with sorbitol shifted to the left compared to that of sugar, whereas for those prepared with MD+PD or PD, the curves are similar to that of burfi made with sugar. Several models were chosen to fit sorption behaviour and the Guggenheim-Anderson-De Boer model showed a better fit compared to other models.     

中国传统理水的现代运用——以长沙金科·东方大院中央水景区设计为例

本文从中国古典园林中水的地位和理水手法入手,结合长沙市东方大院中央水景区项目,探讨了水形与水态、水声与水色、动水与静水、水的意境等中国传统理水手法在现代居住区景观中的继承和发展。     

中国传统文化在主题酒店设计中的应用

在主题酒店设计中,文化体现和展示广泛受到提倡与推崇,尤其是一些特色酒店,更应充分体现主题文化、展现酒店文化。文章探讨了文化在主题酒店设计中的重要性及影响因素,并论述了如何在酒店外观建筑、室内设计与装饰设计中利用中国传统文化,使主题酒店展示其特有的文化和个性。     

Traditional 'air-dried' fermented sausages from Central Germany

Traditional varieties of fermented pork sausages from Central Germany are different from related meat products in various aspects. First, they are prepared from “warm” pork immediately after slaughter. The meat is then minced, mixed with spices and minimal amounts of sugars, salt and nitrate, and the stuffed sausages ripen for a minimum of 6-8 weeks at temperatures below 15 °C. Second, surface mould growth during ripening is regularly removed or suppressed. The manufacturing methods require a minimum of investments and labour and reflect the socio-economic situation in the manufacturing area. The sausages have a good record of safety, and a preliminary risk assessment indicates that pathogens are kept under sufficient control by the extended ripening at low temperatures. Small-scale (artisanal) manufacture of these products is only possible with a flexible interpretation of the hygienic principles set up in current legislation.