An investigation of train driver visual strategies

Train driving is primarily a visual task; train drivers are required to monitor the dynamic scene visually both outside and inside the train cab. Poor performance on this visual task may lead to errors, such as signals passed at danger. It is therefore important to understand the visual strategies that train drivers employ when monitoring and searching the visual scene for key items, such as signals. Prior to this investigation, a pilot study had already been carried out using an eye tracking technique to investigate train drivers’ visual behaviour and to collect data on driver monitoring of the visual environment, Groeger et al. (2003) Pilot study of train drivers’ eye movements, University of Surrey. However, a larger set of data was needed in order to understand more fully train driver visual behaviour and strategies. In light of this need, the Transport Research Laboratory produced a methodology for the assessment of UK train driver visual strategies, on behalf of the Rail Safety and Standards Board and applied this methodology to conduct a large-scale trial. The study collected a wealth of data on train drivers’ visual behaviour with the aim of providing a greater understanding of the strategies adopted. The corneal dark-eye tracking system chosen for these trials tracks human visual search and scanning patterns, and was fitted to 86 drivers whilst driving in-service trains. Data collected include the duration and frequency of glances made towards different elements of the visual scene. In addition, the train drivers were interviewed after driving the routes, to try and understand the thought processes behind the behaviour observed. Statistical analysis of over 600 signal approaches was conducted. This analysis revealed that signal aspect, preceding signal aspect, signal type and signal complexity are important factors, which affect the visual behaviour of train drivers. Train driver interview data revealed that driver expectation also plays a significant role in train driving. The findings of this study have implications for the rail industry in terms of infrastructure design, design of the driving task and driver training. However, train driving is extremely complex and the data from this study only begin to describe and explain train driver visual strategies in the specific context of signal approaches. This study has provided a wealth of data and further analysis of it is needed to investigate the role of other factors and the complex relationships between factors during signal approaches and other driving situations systematically. Finally, there are important aspects of visual behaviour that cannot be examined using these data or this method. Investigation of other aspects of visual behaviour, such as peripheral vision, will require other methods such as simulation.     

2K-H型行星轮系的可靠性优化设计

在考虑应力和强度均为随机变量并对齿轮参数设计产生影响的基础上，同时考虑2K—H型行星轮系的配齿条件、几何条件等其它诸多因素，给出了一定可靠度下的体积为目标优化设计数学模型和计算实例。获得比常规设计更佳的设计方案。     

城市轨道列车车门结构瞬态响应研究

针对城市轨道列车的实际受力环境,运用有限元分析方法对轨道列车车门门体部分进行了瞬态响应研究。对结构的模态、阻尼特性进行了深入研究,并以此为基础对整体车门结构的动态响应进行了分析,分析表明结构的动态应力和位移满足强度要求和使用条件,为结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

福州火车站站前地下广场建筑设计

本文通过福州火车站站前地下广场工程建筑设计实践,论述了在地下空间建设复杂的交通枢纽及综合商业建筑工程的可能性和现实意义。     

Scaling-up of the electrodeposition process of nano-composite coating for corrosion and wear protection

The codeposition of hard nanoparticles into metal matrix electrodeposits usually leads to the increase of the coating hardness and abrasion resistance and causes a change to the microstructure of the deposits leading to more compact, nanostructured coatings with an increased corrosion resistance. Very often the laboratory scale results are not easily transferable to an industrial scale due to the introduction of new process variables such as the geometry and the dimensions of the component to coat.The aim of the present work was the study, in laboratory scale, of nano-composite nickel matrix coatings containing SiC nanoparticles and the transfer of this technology in industrial scale. The deposits have been produced using a Watts type bath containing 20 g/l of nanoparticles, under galvanostatic conditions using a current density of 2 A/dm². The deposits have been studied regarding their microstructure, abrasion and corrosion resistance. Based on the satisfactory results of the laboratory tests, the second part of this work contains the scaling-up and the industrialization of the process and the electrodeposition of the composite coating on ship propeller models and profiles as well as on train axles. The prototype parts were tested under actual working conditions.     

LES study of the influence of the nose shape and yaw angles on flow structures around trains

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is made of the flow around a generic train model at two different yaw angles of 90^° and 35^°. The Reynolds numbers, based on the freestream velocity and the height of the train, are 3×10⁵ and 3.7×10⁵ for the yaw angles of 90^° and 35^°, respectively. The primary objective is to investigate the influence of the nose shape and yaw angles on the flow structures and the train aerodynamics. Both the time-averaged and instantaneous flows are explored. In the case of the 90^° yaw angle, the LES results show that the influence of the three-dimensional flow from the nose of the train on the time-averaged wake flow is limited to a region of a length of 3.5 train heights from the tip of the nose in the direction of the length of the train. The instantaneous flow shows an unsteady vortex shedding due to the shear layer instabilities on the periphery of the recirculation region and the exterior flow. In the case of the 35^° yaw angle, weak vortex shedding is found in the wake. Instead, unstable vortices are found in the lower part of the recirculation region. These vortices detach from and reattach to the train surface in a regular fashion leaving disturbances on the train surface and hence affecting the aerodynamic coefficients. The influence of the shape of the nose on the flow structures is investigated by repeating the simulations at the 90^° yaw angle on a short nose model. The short nose model is identical to the long nose model whilst the length of its nose is half that of the long nose. The short-nose simulation shows highly unsteady and three-dimensional flow around the nose yielding more vortex structures in the wake. These structures result in a surface flow that differs from that in the long-nose train flow. They also influence the dominating frequencies that arise due to the shear layer instabilities.     

连轧管机组与Accu-Roll轧管机组的比较

介绍了连轧管机组和Accu-Roll轧管机组的发展概况和优缺点，结果得出，连轧管机组大多数指标优于Accu-Roll轧管机组。     

高铁规划要点及测试情况分析

从理论分析、实地测试2个方面同时入手,针对郑西高铁测试过程中发现的问题提出了解决思路和实施方案,并给出了高铁规划中的一些技术要点.     

Multi-route railroad blocking problem by improved model and ant colony algorithm in real world

In rail freight transportation, general merchandise freight cars may pass through many classification stations on their route from origin to destination. The Railroad Blocking Problem (RBP) is to reclassify inbound traffic from various origins in the classification stations and put them on outbound trains with the same or close destinations, the objective of the RBP is to minimize the total operating costs of delivering all traffic on the railway network while satisfying the resource and capacity constraints at the stations and the priority constraints for shipments. In this paper, we introduce a new mathematic model which can comprehensively describe the blocking strategy and various combinations of multi-route O–D pairs in large scale railway network. Furthermore, we propose an improved Ant Colony (AC) algorithm for RPB, and a computational experiment derived from the real life instances of coal heavy haul rail network in north China is given. Experimental results verified the validation of the model and effectiveness of the algorithm.     

增压柴油机两种新型配气凸轮

增压柴油机要求配气凸轮必须具有较大的时间截面和良好的动力学性能,一般常用的配气凸轮很难同时满足上述两方面的要求。本文针对增压柴油机配气凸轮的特点,提出了两种适用于增压柴油机的新型凸轮,阐明了基本原理,给出了计算公式,拟定了计算方法,最后以实例表明了这两种新型凸轮的实际效果。