粉体压制过程密度变化机理及影响因素模拟分析

采用MSC.MARC有限元模拟软件对轴套粉体压制成形过程中粉末的位移走向和粉末位移对生坯相对密度的影响进行研究。同时,研究了不同模壁润滑条件以及不同厚度高度比对生坯密度分布的影响。结果表明,粉体成形过程中模壁摩擦导致的位移滞后效应决定了生坯最终的相对密度分布状况;粉末的位移变化规律与生坯的密度分布相似。随着模壁润滑条件的改善和高度厚度比的增加,生坯的密度分布均匀性得到提高;尤其是采用特殊润滑时,生坯密度均匀性得到了明显的改善。这些为研究粉体压制致密化过程提供了理论参考依据。     

基于EnKS和SWAT模型的闽江流域径流数据同化

地表水文过程中观测变量对状态变量的响应存在时间滞后性,为提高径流数据同化的精度,以闽江流域为研究区,基于集合卡尔曼平滑器（EnKS）和SWAT模型,构建径流数据同化方案,并与集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）方法进行对比,评价不同同化模型的精度,分析数据同化对不同径流分量的影响。结果表明：EnKS最优时间窗口长度在不同水文周期、流域存在差异;考虑水文模型的时间滞后性可以有效提高模型的同化精度,对比EnKF方法,EnKS方法的纳什效率系数(NSE)在七里街、沙县、竹岐3个站点上分别提升了0.03、0.12、0.03,均方根误差(RMSE)分别减小了7.43%、26.81%、4.25%;数据同化方法对不同径流分量的改进程度存在空间异质性和时间异质性,在高渗透率土壤和陡坡区域EnKS方法能使壤中流获得更显著的改进,丰水期EnKS方法对地表径流的改进较枯水期更明显。     

斜拉桥肋板式主梁剪力滞效应研究

大跨度斜拉桥剪力滞效应十分突出,在设计和施工过程中应考虑剪力滞效应的影响。根据能量变分原理,推导出肋板式主梁截面的剪力滞系数简易计算公式。以某460米主跨预应力混凝土斜拉桥为研究对象,采用大型空间有限元分析程序MIDAS FEA 3.3进行三维实体有限元数值分析,并与通过能量变分法计算得到的剪力滞系数比较发现,宽度较大的肋板式主梁剪力滞效应突出,且跨中处截面剪力滞系数小,而塔根处的截面剪力滞系数大,在设计和施工过程中应采取必要的措施保证结构安全。     

Life-cycle assessment of diesel, natural gas and hydrogen fuel cell bus transportation systems

The Sustainable Transport Energy Programme (STEP) is an initiative of the Government of Western Australia, to explore hydrogen fuel cell technology as an alternative to the existing diesel and natural gas public transit infrastructure in Perth. This project includes three buses manufactured by DaimlerChrysler with Ballard fuel cell power sources operating in regular service alongside the existing natural gas and diesel bus fleets. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the fuel cell bus trial in Perth determines the overall environmental footprint and energy demand by studying all phases of the complete transportation system, including the hydrogen infrastructure, bus manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life disposal. The LCAs of the existing diesel and natural gas transportation systems are developed in parallel. The findings show that the trial is competitive with the diesel and natural gas bus systems in terms of global warming potential and eutrophication. Emissions that contribute to acidification and photochemical ozone are greater for the fuel cell buses. Scenario analysis quantifies the improvements that can be expected in future generations of fuel cell vehicles and shows that a reduction of greater than 50% is achievable in the greenhouse gas, photochemical ozone creation and primary energy demand impact categories.     

Behaviors and housing inertia are key factors in determining the consequences of a shock in transportation costs

This paper investigates the consequences of a sudden increase in transportation costs when household behaviors and building inertia are accounted for. A theoretical framework is proposed, capturing the interactions between behaviors, transportation costs and urban structure. Numerical simulations show that changes in households and landowners’ choices reduce significantly the long-term adverse effects of a shock in transportation costs. Indeed, the shock translates, over the long run, into a more concentrated housing that limits households utility losses and maintains landowners’ income. But, because of building inertia, the shock leads first to a long transition, during which the adjustment is constrained by a suboptimal housing-supply structure. Then, households support larger losses than in the final stage, though lower than with no behavior adjustment, and landowners experience a large decrease in their aggregate income and an important redistribution of wealth. Thus, behaviors and building inertia are key factors in determining the vulnerability to transportation price variability and to the introduction of climate policies. Our policy conclusions are that: (i) if a long-term increase in transportation costs is unavoidable because of climate change or resource scarcity, a smooth change prevents to some extent the negative transition effects and (ii) fast-growing cities of the developing world can reduce their future vulnerability to shocks in transportation costs through the implementation of policies that limit urban sprawl.     

Energy saving and CO2 mitigation through restructuring Jordan's transportation sector: The diesel passenger cars scenario

The transportation sector is responsible for 37% of the total final energy consumption in Jordan, with passenger cars taking a share of 57% in this sector. Improvement of the energy efficiency of the transportation sector can help in alleviating socio-economic pressures resulting from the inflating fuel bill and in lowering the relatively high CO₂ emission intensity. Current legislations mandate that all passenger cars operating in Jordan are to be powered with spark ignition engines using gasoline fuel. This paper examines potential benefits that can be achieved through the introduction of diesel cars to the passenger cars market in Jordan. Three scenarios are suggested for implementation and investigated with a forecasting model on the basis of local and global trends over the period 2007–2027. It is demonstrated that introducing diesel passenger cars can slow down the growth of energy consumption in the transportation sector resulting in significant savings in the national fuel bill. It is also shown that this is an effective and feasible option for cutting down CO₂ emissions.     

过热汽温的动态特性与控制

给出了过热器动态特性的简便计算方法.按过热器的结构和热力参数计算出单级和多级过热汽温的传递函数.与实测数据相比较,证实这种方法准确而且简便.首次提出在过热气温控制中,采用取实根的相位补偿,即2个串联的超前/滞后环节,在工程中实现很方便.经大量仿真试验证实,其过渡过程时间缩短1半左右,最大动态偏差缩减2-3倍.还给出整定计算公式及多种整定计算数据的取法,以及在一级喷水过热汽温控制的工程应用实例.该方法极大地改善了过热汽温控制品质,电站锅炉过热器可采用一级喷水减温,使过热器系统结构简化,设备投资减少.由于汽温控制品质大大提高,可把汽温控制系统的设定值定在稍高于额定值.在不影响机组运行安全性的同时,提高机组运行的经济性.     

对《水利工程设计概(估)算编制规定》的思考与浅见

根据对<水利工程设计概(估)算编制规定>中安装工程单价和进口设备国内段运杂综合费率两个问题的思考,谈一些浅见.     

快速钻井条件下气测全烃曲线的归位及应用

快速钻井条件下,气测录井的优势更加突出,但与此同时也给气测录井带来了一定的负面影响,主要表现在难以准确确定迟到时间,导致全烃曲线错位现象非常普遍。针对这一情况,在系统分析由迟到时间误差引起的全烃异常显示落于非油气显示段的3种情况的基础上,明确了不同情况下全烃曲线的两种归位方法：一是全烃异常显示落于大钻时处和砂泥岩钻时不大的情况下的全烃曲线平移法;二是落于非钻进循环处的情况下剔除循环时间法。实际应用表明,采用上述全烃曲线的归位方法可有效进行归位,确保准确落实油气显示井段。     

考虑滞后效应的抽水蓄能电站渗流统计模型

随着国内抽水蓄能电站的广泛建设,通过对渗流量等原型观测资料的分析,可以揭示可能来源于输水系统的"内水外渗"状况.与常规水电站不同,针对抽水蓄能电站特殊的运行工况,建立了以日为变化周期、小时为计算单位、同时考虑滞后效应的渗流统计模型,并采用遗传算法求解滞后因子.计算实例表明,该模型具有较好的拟合精度;区内不同测点渗流量主要受上库水位因子影响,但滞后因子存在显著差异.因而认为,该模型具有较强的工程实际意义.