基于肠道菌群探讨葛根芩连汤治疗湿热型2型糖尿病研究进展*

摘 要: 近年来世界范围内2型糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus type 2,T2DM)的发病率不断上升。微生态学研究证实,T2DM疾病的发生与肠道菌群数量及比例的失调有很大的关联性,这成为研究热点。现有实验发现:肠道菌群紊乱可通过短链脂肪酸学说、胆汁酸代谢学说、内毒素学说、支链氨基酸学说等机制来影响T2DM的发生发展。湿热证T2DM患者在临床最为常见,该类患者胰岛素抵抗最为严重,而动物实验研究发现葛根芩连汤可通过特定的分子机制及通路作用于肠道菌群,通过调节胰岛β细胞的功能、提高胰岛素敏感性、减轻氧化应激反应,从而调节血糖,减轻胰岛素抵抗,为临床治疗T2DM患者提供更科学的依据。但由于菌群数量庞杂,现有数据多偏重于动物实验,且研究菌群特异性不足,为此今后需进一步加强对T2DM特定菌群的研究,以及增加临床大样本数据统计。     

5G切片架构下具有重传机制的轮询系统研究

面对海量应用场景及客户需求,传统的轮询系统方案不能满足轮询系统中每个站点所需要的服务质量要求。为降低系统时延,适应更大的网络规模,提出基于5G网络切片的轮询方案。将5G网络切片划分为增强型移动带宽切片、海量机器通信切片和高可靠低时延通信切片,再将这3类切片各自划分出N个更低层子切片,构建3个独立的具有重传机制的完全服务轮询模型。信息分组按照先进先出的规则进入各子切片,由通用服务器进行统一发送。在此基础上,采用概率母函数及马尔可夫链建立非理想信道环境下基于5G网络切片架构的轮询系统数学模型,推导系统平均排队队长和平均等待时间的精确表达式,进行信息分组出错概率和重传阈值与轮询系统性能之间的定量关系分析。基于Matlab的仿真实验结果证明了该模型的正确性,其较重传门限服务时延更少,能够为非理想信道环境下基于5G网络切片架构的轮询系统分析提供一种快速评估机制。     

Confidence intervals for dependent data: Equating non-overlap with statistical significance

We revisit the problem of determining confidence interval widths for the comparison of means. For the independent two-sample (two-sided) case, Goldstein and Healy (1995) draw attention to the fact that comparisons based on 95% error bars are not very effective in assessing the statistical significance of the difference in means and derive the correct confidence interval for such a comparison. We provide an extension to Goldstein and Healy (1995) to account for the correlation structure and unequal variances. We use the results to develop rules of thumb for evaluating differences, in an exploratory manner, like Moses (1987) and Cumming (2009), from the independent case. We illustrate the method for the simple comparison of two means in a real data set, provide R code that may be easily implemented in practice, and discuss the extension of the method to other applied problems.     

A type-centric framework for specifying heterogeneous, large-scale, component-oriented, architectures

Maintaining integrity and consistency, and effecting conformance in architectures of large-scale systems require specification and enforcement of many different forms of structural constraints. While type systems have proved effective for enforcing structural constraints in programs and data structures, most architectural modeling frameworks include only weak notions of typing or rely on first order logic constraint languages that have steep learning curves associated with them and that become unwieldy when scaling to large systems.We present the Cadena Architecture Language with Meta-modeling (CALM) — that uses multi-level type systems to specify and enforce a variety of architectural constraints relevant to the development of large-scale component-based systems. Cadena is a robust and extensible tool that has been used to specify a number of industrial strength component models and applied in multiple industrial research projects on model-driven development and software product lines.     

From Flow Logic to static type systems for coordination languages

Coordination languages are often used to describe open-ended systems. This makes it challenging to develop tools for guaranteeing the security of the coordinated systems and the correctness of their interaction. Successful approaches to this problem have been based on type systems with dynamic checks; therefore, the correctness properties cannot be statically enforced. By contrast, static analysis approaches based on Flow Logic usually guarantee properties statically. In this paper, we show how the insights from the Flow Logic approach can be used to construct a type system for statically ensuring secure access to tuple spaces and safe process migration for an extension of the language Klaim.     

Consideration factors and adoption of type,tabulation and framework for creating e-portfolios

The purpose of this research is to analyze the content of e-portfolios created by students in order to understand their tabulation and ways of displaying content. The analytic result shows that the number of outcome portfolios created by students is more than that of process portfolios. The five types of e-portfolio tabulation, in order of those most commonly created by students, are combination-based, content item-based, work-based, course unit-based, and time-based. The combination-based type incorporates the advantages of other tabulation types, while the content item-based and work-based types are better for clearly classifying data and step-by-step organization of it. Future research may further explore factors related to students’ decision of tabulation type, the difficulties they face in the process, and their mentality as they adopt a portfolio type.     

Safe model polymorphism for flexible modeling

Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) are increasingly used by domain experts to handle various concerns in systems and software development. To support this trend, the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) community has developed advanced techniques for designing new DSLs. However, the widespread use of independently developed, and constantly evolving DSLs is hampered by the rigidity imposed to the language users by the DSLs and their tooling, e.g., for manipulating a model through various similar DSLs or successive versions of a given DSL. In this paper, we propose a disciplined approach that leverages type groups׳ polymorphism to provide an advanced type system for manipulating models, in a polymorphic way, through different DSL interfaces. A DSL interface, a.k.a. model type, specifies a set of features, or services, available on the model it types, and subtyping relations among these model types define the safe substitutions. This type system complements the Melange language workbench and is seamlessly integrated into the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF), hence providing structural interoperability and compatibility of models between EMF-based tools. We illustrate the validity and practicability of our approach by bridging safe interoperability between different semantic and syntactic variation points of a finite-state machine (FSM) language, as well as between successive versions of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).     

基于FPGA的轨道振动信号数字监测接收机设计

设计了一种基于FPGA的轨道振动信号数字监测接收机,详细阐述了接收机的数据流走向及其振动信号频域分析的实现.设计中以Altera的cycloneⅢ系列芯片EP3c25Q240C8为硬件平台,以QuartusⅡ9.1为软件平台,数据存储缓存单元使用ISIS公司的IS61NLP102418,频域分析则使用1024个点的FFT,进行功率谱估计.     

Allowing for missing genotypes in any members of the nuclear families in transmission disequilibrium test

The Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) detects linkage between a marker and a disease-susceptibility locus in the presence of linkage disequilibrium. The TDT requires data on the genotypes of affected offspring and their parents, which might not always be available. For example, for late onset diseases it might be difficult to find parents still alive, or genotypes of offspring might not be available. Genotyping unaffected siblings, combining different genotype data sets, or assuming a model mechanism for missing parents have all been proposed to deal with missing genotypes in parents but not in offspring. In this paper, we propose a Mendel Inheritance-Transmission Disequilibrium Test (MI-TDT) to impute missing genotypes in any members of a family with two affected offspring. Our method does not require any of the remedies mentioned above but simply utilizes the fundamental property of Mendel Inheritance on the transmission of alleles from parents to offspring. Most importantly, the MI-TDT reassures researchers about the declared significant genes when incomplete data is ignored. We illustrate the MI-TDT by identifying significant genes in type 1 diabetes from the Warren families in the United Kingdom.     

An Efficient Solution for Model Checking Graph Transformation Systems

This paper presents an efficient solution for modeling checking graph transformation systems. The approach transforms AGG specifications into Bogor models and supports both attributed typed graphs and layered transformations. Resulting models are amenable to check interesting properties expressed as combinations of LTL (Linear Temporal Logic) and graph transformation rules. The first experimental results are encouraging and show that in most cases our proposal improves existing approaches, both in terms of performance and expressiveness.