北京市春季蔬菜硝酸盐含量测定及居民暴露量评估

为了解北京市春季蔬菜中硝酸盐污染及居民硝酸盐暴露情况,于2006年3-5月从北京市16个菜市场采集应季蔬菜7大类26个品种341份样品,用国标法(GB/T5009.33—2003)分析蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量。随机抽取北京市15岁以上常住居民152户428人,以记账法对居民日常蔬菜摄入量进行调查,结合蔬菜硝酸盐含量的检测结果,进行居民蔬菜硝酸盐暴露量评估。叶菜类硝酸盐含量最高(3156.94±1425.62mg/kg),茄果类的含量最低(172.36±148.08mg/kg),硝酸盐含量依次为叶菜类>根茎类>葱蒜类>瓜类>豆菜类>花菜类>茄果类,但同一类蔬菜不同品种的硝酸盐的含量差别较大;同一品种的蔬菜中硝酸盐含量差别也很大。居民每日通过蔬菜摄入的硝酸盐量为328.21mg(以中位数计),比WHO/FAO的ADI值(300mg/d)高9.4%。北京市春季蔬菜的硝酸盐污染较严重,居民仅由蔬菜摄入的硝酸盐量已经高于ADI值,因此需要加强监督管理,以保护居民健康。     

2001年我国部分蔬菜和肉类污染状况调查及分析

为了解我国蔬菜和肉类污染的状况 ,受卫生部和国家三绿工程办公室委托 ,我们于 2 0 0 1年秋季在全国 14个城市采集了 6种蔬菜 10 8份样品和 30份猪肉及 15份鸡肉进行了有关污染物的污染状况调查。监测指标有铅、砷、甲胺磷和氯霉素等。结果发现所检的 4 5份肉的铅、砷和氯霉素全部符合国家标准 ,10 8份蔬菜中有一份铅超标 ,砷含量全部合格 ,但是发现蔬菜中存在滥用剧毒农药甲胺磷的情况 ,蔬菜中甲胺磷的平均检出率为 12 % ,检出率最高的为卷心菜 2 7 7%。     

Model of vegetable freshness perception using luminance cues

Freshness perception is a quality discrimination process that influences our consumer choice and eating behavior, especially of highly perishable products such as vegetables. Previous research used photographic stimuli to investigate the relationship between luminance distribution and freshness perception for a cabbage leaf (C. Arce-Lopera, Masuda, Kimura, et al., 2013) and a strawberry (Carlos Arce-Lopera, Masuda, Kimura, Wada, & Okajima, 2012). In this study, the luminance and chromatic information of the freshness degradation process of four different vegetables (cabbage, strawberry, carrot and spinach) was recorded in a temperature, humidity and light controlled environment. However, instead of a camera, a 2D luminance and chromaticity analyzer (TOPCON UA1000) was chosen as the measurement equipment. Then, using a color management system to guarantee the exact reproduction of the recorded luminance and chromatic data of the real objects, a color and a grayscale version of the stimuli was created. Subsequently, those pictures were randomly presented to subjects who had to rate their perceived freshness using a visual analog scale. The achromatic results did not differ from the chromatic ones suggesting that luminance information is sufficient to enable an accurate estimation of vegetable freshness. Additionally, the original images were digitally manipulated only by modifying their luminance distribution and keeping their color information intact. When the resulting images were presented, using the same psychophysical experimental setting, the results showed that the perceived freshness also changed concordantly with the changes on the asymmetry of the luminance distribution. Finally, a model for vegetable freshness perception that utilizes only luminance cues is presented.     

北京市蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染状况评价

为了解北京市蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染情况 ,于 2 0 0 3年 4月～ 8月从北京 15个菜市场采集应季蔬菜样品 ,共 4 0个品种 4 44份样品 ,用国标法 (GB T 5 0 0 9 33— 2 0 0 3)分析蔬菜中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。结果显示 :检测样品中 ,污染程度严重的占 33 1% ;中、重度污染的占2 3 6 % ;轻度的占 4 3 2 % ;硝酸盐的含量依次为绿叶菜类 >白菜类 >根茎类 >瓜茄类 >葱蒜类 >豆类 >果类 >水生植物类 ,但同一类蔬菜不同品种的硝酸盐的含量差别较大 ,从几倍到几十倍 ;同一品种的蔬菜中硝酸盐含量差别也很大 ,可能与产地、生长条件不同有关。蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量相对较低 ,其含量与蔬菜的新鲜程度有关。研究结果提示需要制定限量标准 ,加强监督管理     

Anti- and pro-oxidant activity of Cichorium genus vegetables and effect of thermal treatment in biological systems

The antiradical activity of water soluble components in six vegetables belonging to the Cichorium genus, i.e., three cultivars of red intybus species var. silvestre (Treviso, Chioggia, Verona red chicories), a white intybus species var. foliosum (Belgian chicory), and two vegetables of the endivia species var. latifolium (escarole chicory) and var. crispum (“crispa” chicory), were studied using two biological systems consisting of: (1) microsome membrane rat hepatocyties in which oxidative damage was induced by CCl₄; (2) gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus cultures, subjected to damage with cumene hydroperoxyde. The obtained results show that in both systems the red vegetables possess the strongest antioxidant properties and contain different antioxidant compounds whether at a low or high molecular weight, but only those of high molecular-weight (MW > 3500 Da) are able to act as antioxidants in all the used systems. The lower MW fraction (MW < 3500 Da) showed itself to be pro-oxidant in the microsome system. The effects of thermal treatments such as boiling, freezing and freeze-drying were also investigated.     

Chemistry of sulphur dioxide in vegetable dehydration

The state of sulphur dioxide in partially dehydrated or dehydrated foods is complex and depends on pH, ionic strength, water activity and concentration, and on the effects of anions and cations on the solubilities of sulphite and disulphite salts. The chemical basis of the preservative action is explained in terms of the nucleophilicity of the sulphite ion and the possible consequences of the changing state of the additive during dehydration are evaluated. The significance of autoxidation of the sulphite ion to its fate in food, and role as an antioxidant, or prooxidant, is critically discussed. The most widely studied reaction of sulphur dioxide in food is its inhibition of non-enzymic browning; the current state of knowledge concerning the mechanism of this action is explained.
The loss of sulphur dioxide during vegetable dehydration obeys first-order kinetics. This observation is considered in terms of known first-order reactions in foods and processes which are limited by rate of diffusion. There are still insufficient data to suggest ways in which the composition of the food could be altered to reduce its requirement for sulphur dioxide during dehydration.     

保鲜技术在鲜切果蔬中的应用

简要介绍了鲜切果蔬的发展现状,重点分析了鲜切果蔬常见的保鲜技术及存在的问题,提出了新型保鲜技术在鲜切果蔬的应用构想,展望了鲜切果蔬的应用前景。     

Functionality and safety of lactic bacterial strains from Korean kimchi

The functional characteristics and safety of five different putative probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains and one Leuconostoc citreum strain, isolated from kimchi, were studied. In view of their potential application in food biotechnology, this information was considered necessary, and included the determination of antibiotic resistance, haemolysis, gelatinase activity and biogenic amine production. In addition to a Lactobacillus fermentum strain isolated from pig faeces, two commercial probiotic strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ATCC 53103, and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, both originating from the human intestinal track) were included in the studies for reference purposes. With the exception of L. fermentum, which was resistant to a low concentration (MIC: 30 μg/ml) of tetracycline, all strains were susceptible to the 8 antibiotics tested (erythromycin, gentamicin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and benzylpenicillin). All strains survived physiological conditions typical of the upper GIT, comprising a pH of 3.0 for 1 h, and a subsequent 2 h under conditions simulating the duodenum, which included the exposure to 10 % of bile salts. Moreover, all strains were resistant to 0.4 % phenol, and were unable to produce any detectable biogenic amines under the test conditions. These preliminary in vitro tests indicate the safety and functionality of the five selected L. plantarum strains and thus their potential as probiotic candidates.     

Determination of Mineral Content in Commonly Consumed Leafy Vegetables

Vegetables used by the people of Assam (India) found to be highly nutritious to maintain general balance diet. Nutritional information is used increasingly by public agencies and agricultural industries to promote different traditional fresh product. The work aimed at determining few nutritionally important minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium) in leafy green vegetables widely consumed in Assam. The objective of the present work was to examine the variability in the mineral content.