Scale-invariant analysis of wear particle morphology—a preliminary study

The importance of wear particle characterization is continuously growing, as the need for prediction and monitoring of wear increases. Accurate analysis of wear particles can, however, be limited by problems associated with particle characterization, especially of the wear particles' surface morphology. Since the shape and surface topography of wear particles often exhibit a fractal nature, fractal (scale-invariant) methods are, therefore, used in their characterization. However, the methods used to date ignore the fact that all fractal objects can be described by a small set of mathematical rules; although finding those rules which describe a particular fractal image is a difficult problem. No general solution exists to date and this paper attempts to redress this problem. A new analysis method, ‘scale-invariant analysis’, which is based on a partitioned iterated function system (PIFS), is proposed for the characterization of wear particle morphology. PIFS is a collection of contractive affine transformations. Each affine transformation transforms one part of a wear particle image onto another part of the same image. PIFSs were constructed for both computer generated and SEM images of wear particles. Results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate that the morphology of wear particles can effectively be characterized using the PIFS method.     

Tribological properties of Ni3Al-Cr7C3 composite coating under water lubrication

The tribological properties of Ni₃Al-Cr₇C₃ composite coating under water lubrication were examined by using a ball-on-disc reciprocating tribotester. The effects of load and sliding speed on wear rate of the coating were investigated. The worn surface of the coating was analyzed using electron probe microscopy analysis (EPMA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show the friction coefficient of the coating is decreased under water lubrication. The wear rate of the coating linearly increases with the load. At high sliding speed, the wear rate of the coating is dramatically increased and a large amount of the counterpart material is transferred to the coating worn surface. The low friction of the coating under water lubrication is due to the oxidizing of the worn surface in the wear. The wear mechanism of the coating is plastic deformation at low normal load and sliding speed. However, the wear mechanism transforms to microfracture and microploughing at high load with low sliding speed, and oxidation wear at high sliding speed. It is concluded that the contribution of the sliding speed to an increase in the coating wear is larger than that of the normal load.     

The performance and antiwear mechanism of (2-sulfurone-benzothiazole)-3-methyl esters as additives in synthetic lubricant

The load-carrying capacity, friction and wear properties of three (2-sulfurone-benzothiazole)-3-methyl esters added to a synthetic lubricant (triester) were evaluated using a four-ball tester and a ring-on-block machine. The results indicate that these compounds added to the triester possess good load-carrying capacities and antiwear properties. The rubbed surface was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The analysis indicates that a lubricating film is formed on the metal surface by adsorption and chemical reaction.     

Investigations of nano- and macro-wear of magnetic tape head materials

The nano- and macro-wear characteristics of calcium titanate, single crystal ferrite and polycrystalline ferrite were investigated using nano-scratch testing and wear bar testing. Nano- and micro-indentations were made to determine nano- and micro-hardness, and nano-scratch testing was used to evaluate relative wear rates on the nano-scale. The macro-wear characteristics of the various head materials against metal particle tapes was investigated as a function of tape speed using wear bars mounted in a DLT tape drive. The micro-indentation method was used to investigate wear of the head/tape interface in a linear tape drive. The results from nano- and macro-wear tests were analysed and correlated with the microstructure of the materials.     

Performance of plastic gear made of carbon fiber reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone: Part 2

Five kinds of PEEK/CF composites, made by blending poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) with three kinds of PAN type carbon fibers (CFs) and two kinds of pitch type CFs respectively, were injection-molded into gears. Their gear performance such as the load capability and the wear of tooth were evaluated. The wear properties of PEEK/CF gears extremely varied depending on the kinds of CFs, when the same type gears were combined and grease was initially applied. Also, the load capabilities were significantly influenced by the affinity between PEEK and CF. A composite gear reinforced with CF of the highest density indicated the highest load capability irrespective of the test conditions, due to the lowest abrasive property of the CF as well as the excellent affinity between PEEK and CF. Its load capability under a high temperature running condition was found to be superior to that of polyamideimide (PAI) composite gear or polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) composite gear.     

MoS_2超细粉制备耐磨涂层及其性能分析

在不同的基体材料上采用MoS2 超细粉制备了耐磨涂层 ,并在SRV标准摩擦实验机上对涂层的耐磨性和减摩性进行了测试。结果发现MoS2 超细粉制备的涂层具有良好的减摩性能 ,摩擦系数为 0 0 4,而基体表面未作任何处理时喷涂的涂层耐磨性最好。     

Impact of rigid angular particles with fully-plastic targets Part II: Parametric study of erosion phenomena

The erosion of substrates of arbitrary dynamic hardness and friction coefficient, due to the impact of individual angular particles, was analyzed with the purpose of predicting crater size, shape, and rebound parameters as a function of incident particle velocity, angle, orientation, and shape. A rigid-plastic theory due to Hutchings (International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 1997; 19:45–52), developed for square plates impacting frictionless surfaces, is generalized for arbitrarily shaped particles impacting surfaces having nonzero friction. The specific case of symmetric angular particles of arbitrary angularity is studied in detail. The model is shown to match Hutchings’ [1] experimental data for square steel plates on smooth steel surfaces. In a companion paper (Papini, Spelt, under review), a parametric study of the input parameters is presented.     

Estimation of seismic active earth pressure on reinforced retaining wall using lower bound limit analysis and modified pseudo-dynamic method

Present study estimates seismic active earth pressure on the reinforced retaining wall by combining the lower bound finite element limit analysis and the modified Pseudo-dynamic method. A series of parametric analyses are performed by varying seismic acceleration coefficient, time period of seismic loading, soil friction and dilation angles, reinforcement spacing, length of reinforcement, soil-reinforcement interface, damping ratio of soil, soil-wall interface, wall inclination, and ground inclination. Maximum active earth pressure is exerted when natural time period of reinforced soil matches with the time period of an earthquake. Reinforcement is found to be effective in terms of reducing active earth pressure significantly on the wall subjected to seismic loading. Effectiveness of reinforcement depends upon two factors, namely vertical spacing and soil-reinforcement interface friction angle. For relatively smaller reinforcement spacing, soil-reinforcement behaves like a composite block, which helps to constraint stresses within a small area behind the wall. Maximum tensile resistance is developed when fully rough interface condition is assumed between soil and reinforcement layer. Failure patterns are provided to understand the behaviour of reinforced retaining wall under different time of seismic loading.     

大口径泥水平衡顶管进出洞技术措施

大口径泥水平衡顶管进出洞技术是顶管工程的关键工序之一,本文根据广州市西江引水工程—输水管线-干线(里和路至和顺立段)DN3600顶管段工程的施工实践,该顶管横穿环城高速路,埋深10米左右,采用封闭式泥水平衡顶管,通过制定的控制措施和预防措施,以及在施工中出现或者可能出现的问题,解决问题的方法及预防措施,通过三个来月的顶管施工发现,顶管机出洞、进洞的工序是关键工序,直接决定了顶管的成功或失败,本文阐述大口径泥水平衡顶管进出洞技术。     

关于能效标准GB20665-2006的一些思考

本文简单介绍了GB200665-2006《家用燃气热水器和燃气采暖热水炉能效限定值及能效等级》的分类标准和测试条件,对实施过程中出现的一些异议进行了分析说明,并同欧盟及部分国家的分级与测试条件进行了简单比较,提出修订意见．