Predicting dam failure risk for sustainable flood retention basins: A generic case study for the wider Greater Manchester area

This study aims to provide a rapid screening tool for assessment of sustainable flood retention basins (SFRBs) to predict corresponding dam failure risks. A rapid expert-based assessment method for dam failure of SFRB supported by an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been presented. Flood storage was assessed for 110 SFRB and the corresponding Dam Failure Risk was evaluated for all dams across the wider Greater Manchester study area. The results show that Dam Failure Risk can be estimated by using the variables Dam Height, Dam Length, Maximum Flood Water Volume, Flood Water Surface Area, Mean Annual Rainfall (based on Met Office data), Altitude, Catchment Size, Urban Catchment Proportion, Forest Catchment Proportion and Managed Maximum Flood Water Volume. A cross-validation R² value of 0.70 for the ANN model signifies that the tool is likely to predict variables well for new data sets. Traditionally, dams are considered safe because they have been built according to high technical standards. However, many dams that were constructed decades ago do not meet the current state-of-the-art dam design guidelines. Spatial distribution maps show that dam failure risks of SFRB located near cities are higher than those situated in rural locations. The proposed tool could be used as an early warning system in times of heavy rainfall.     

三角代数上的Jordan三重初等映射的可加性

主要研究了三角代数上的Jordan三重初等映射的可加性,给出了一个保证Jor-dan三重初等映射满足可加性的充分条件。     

Corrosion-resistant analogue of Hadfield steel

The concept of alloying austenitic steels with carbon + nitrogen is used for the development of a corrosion-resistant austenitic CrMn steel having an impact wear resistance close to that of the Hadfield steel. A higher stabilization of the austenitic phase by C + N, as compared to carbon or nitrogen alone, is substantiated by ab initio calculation of the electron structure, measurements of the concentration of free electrons and calculations of the phase equilibrium. Based on these results, the compositions (mass%) Cr18Mn18C0.34N0.61 and Cr18Mn18C0.49N0.58 were melted and tested along with Hadfield steel Mn12C1.2. Mechanical tests have shown that, as compared to the Hadfield steel, the experimental steels possess a higher strength, plasticity, hardness and the same resistance to impact wear. TEM studies of the surface layer after impact treatment revealed a mixture of the amorphous phase, nanocrystals and fine-twinned austenite. At the same time, using Mössbauer spectroscopy of conversion electrons, the ferromagnetic ordering was found in the surface layer of up to 10 μm in depth, which is the sign of the strain-induced martensitic phase. The hypothesis of a transition from the low-spin to the high-spin state of the iron atoms within the thin twins in austenite was proposed in order to interpret the discrepancy between TEM and Mössbauer studies. Potentiodynamic measurements and immersion tests show that the CrMnCN steels possess a significantly higher pitting potential and resistance to general corrosion in comparison with Hadfield steel.     

Compomer的摩擦磨损特性

采用Compoglass，F2000，Elan，Dyract AP4种牙科用复合体材料(Compomer)，对其玻璃颗粒含量和表面硬度进行了测量，并在球一盘往复摩擦磨损试验机上考察了它们的摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：F2000的摩擦系数最高，Elan的摩擦系数次之，Compoglass和DyractAP的摩擦系数分别为第三和第四．摩擦系数随玻璃颗粒含量的增加而增加．在同样试验条件下，低摩擦系数的DyractAP和Compoglass与高摩擦系数的F2000和Elan相比具有较好的耐磨性．磨损机理主要表现为由玻璃颗粒脆性断裂引起的玻璃颗粒脱落和磨粒磨损。     

Direct current bias applied to hot flame diamond deposition produces smooth low friction coatings

As-deposited diamond coatings generally have a high surface roughness which results in a high friction coefficient and extensive wear of the counter material in sliding contact. Therefore several methods for smoothening diamond coatings have been proposed, such as laser polishing, molten metal etching, thermochemical polishing and mechanical polishing. All these methods have some disadvantage e.g. long processing time or high processing temperature. Furthermore, they are all post-deposition treatments i.e. the manufacture of these coatings requires at least two processing steps, deposition and smoothening. With the present method which combines d.c. bias with hot flame diamond deposition, a smooth diamond surface is produced during the actual growth of the film. No post-deposition treatment is necessary. The surface roughness is not dependent on the coating thickness which means that thick coatings with smooth surface can be produced. In fact, the method has a smoothening effect, i.e. rough surfaces can be made smooth. The method is comparable to conventional hot flame deposition of diamond as to growth rate and cost of producing the coatings. The coatings have a nano-crystalline structure and a surface roughness of Ra = 25 nm, and result in a friction coefficient of 0.1 or less in dry sliding and about 0.05 in water-lubricated sliding against cemented carbide. Their wear resistance is virtually the same as that of conventional diamond films.     

基于Transformer与距离图谱的泛癌细胞核图像分割

肿瘤细胞的密度、核质比和平均尺寸等指标对癌症的分级和预后有重要的意义.在计算病理学中,细胞核分割是肿瘤微环境分析的基础.通过对分割结果进行统计分析,对新的肿瘤标记物的探索有重大的意义.病理图像背景下的细胞核形态不规则,细胞核染色不均匀,且细胞核边缘之间存在黏连的问题,而现有的深度学习算法在细胞核主体分割正确的情况下,边缘的分割错误不会对总体的损失造成太大的影响,黏连的细胞核很容易被当作同一个分割目标.为了解决细胞核重叠问题,本文提出一种基于Transformer与距离图谱的分割模型,将Transformer中的核心多头自注意力机制与距离图谱引导算法相结合,重视细胞核内部,弱化细胞核边界,提升对图像局部和全局上下文信息的学习能力.本文方法在两个公开数据集上的平均Dice系数为0.797 9、精度为0.756 1、AJI系数为0.667 2、Hausdorff距离为10.11.实验结果表明,相较其他分割算法,本文方法的性能更好,能够有效提高细胞核的分割精度,同时较好地解决了细胞核之间的黏连问题.     

低活化马氏体钢热变形行为及机理型本构建模研究

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了低活化马氏体钢在变形温度为850～950 ℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s^-1条件下的热变形行为。建立了流变应力本构方程,并评估了该方程的预测能力。绘制了低活化马氏体钢在不同应变下的热加工图。结果表明：在较高的应变速率条件下,该材料主要发生动态回复,在较高变形温度和较低应变速率下具有明显的动态再结晶特征;本构方程的预测结果与实验结果符合良好;变形温度870～930 ℃、应变速率0.001～0.01 s^-1和变形温度920～950 ℃、应变速率0.3～1 s^-1分别是真应变为0.4和0.6下最优的热加工区域。     

一种结合猫映射与L og ist ic 映射的语音加密算法

将猫映射(cat map)与Logistic映射相结合，构造了一种语音加密算法．该算法首先将语音数据堆叠成二维，然后利用二维猫映射将数据的位置置乱，最后利用一维Logistic映射构造替换表，对数据进行扩散．密码分析表明，该算法具有较高的安全性，能够抵抗统计攻击、差分攻击和已知密文攻击．与传统的DES算法相比，该算法加密速度更快，适用于实时语音加密．     

Microstructure developed in the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after sliding wear in vacuum

Microstructural changes in the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after sliding wear in vacuum have been studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The wear rates of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in vacuum were measured under different sliding velocities and loads. The experimental results showed that a severely deformed layer with a grain size of 50–100 nm and thickness about 70 μm was formed underneath the worn surface. Under the slower sliding velocities, the substructure of the layer had a high dislocation density, while under higher sliding velocities, twins were found to exist in the substructure. A process by which the deformed layer formed has been proposed and the deformation of materials at the contacting spots of the Ti-6Al-4V sample is discussed.