VISCOMETRIC FLOWS OF NEUTRALLY BUOYANT SUSPENSIONS IN SECOND-ORDER FLUIDS

The local volume averages of the equations of motion as well as the appropriate boundary conditions for neutrally buoyant suspensions of spheres in second-order fluids (Li and Slattery, 1989a) are employed to analyze both the cone-plate viscometer and the parallel-plate viscometer. The predicted results are compared with measurements of apparent viscosity and of the primary normal stress difference. Predictions of measured apparent viscosities are in excellent agreement with the experimental data up to 20% solids by volume; the average error is no more than 5%. Predictions of apparent viscosities for the limiting case of a very dilute suspension are restricted to less than 10% solids by volume. The primary normal stress difference is predicted to be independent of the volume fraction of solids, in approximate agreement with previously reported data.

Both theory and experiment have demonstrated that a neutrally buoyant suspension of uniform spheres in an incompressible second-order fluid behaves like a single-phase second-order fluid in these two viscometers.     

剪切型调距式密炼机的性能研究

对啮合型、剪切型和剪切调距型3种密炼机的混烁实验结果进行了比较分析,对剪切调距型密炼机的性能进行了研究,实验表明：新开发的剪切型调距式密炼机能够混炼均匀,分散度高,能量消耗少,排胶温度低,可通过改变间隙实现优化混炼,尤其适合于快速混烁作业和难以分散而又快速生热的胶料的混烁,应用前景比较广淘.     

基于改进自由体积和无规因子贡献的聚合物热力学模型

给出了一个基于改进的自由体积和无规因子的聚合物溶液热力学模型，其无规因子项(NRF)用来描述聚合物溶液中聚合物与溶剂的局部交互作用对剩余Gibbs自由能的贡献，改进的自由体积项(Entropic-FV)用来描述聚合物溶液的混合效应对剩余Gibbs自由能的贡献。文中对45组二元聚合物与溶剂体系进行了关联计算，并与Zafarani-Moattar模型，Flory-Huggins模型和UNIFAC-FV模型的计算结果进行了比较，其平均绝对误差分别为1．910％，2．465％，3．738％和10．149％。     

POWER CONSUMPTION WITH ANCHOR MIXERS EFFECT OF BOTTOM CLEARANCE

The effect of bottom clearance on power draw for anchors is investigated. The results suggest that power input decreases as the bottom clearance ratio b/D increases. A new correlation is proposed in which both bottom and wall clearance effects on power input are considered. The dependence of power input on these effects is additive rather than multiplicative. Thus, the total power consumption is the sum of the power inputs generated by the wall and bottom clearance. Power results from 3D-CFD numerical simulations are also presented. These results confirm fairly well the experimental points.     

Development of the meshless finite volume particle method with exact and efficient calculation of interparticle area

The Finite Volume Particle Method (FVPM) is a meshless method based on a definition of interparticle area which is closely analogous to cell face area in the classical finite volume method. In previous work, the interparticle area has been computed by numerical integration, which is a source of error and is extremely expensive. We show that if the particle weight or kernel function is defined as a discontinuous top-hat function, the particle interaction vectors may be evaluated exactly and efficiently. The new formulation reduces overall computational time by a factor between 6.4 and 8.2. In numerical experiments on a viscous flow with an analytical solution, the method converges under all conditions. Significantly, in contrast with standard FVPM and SPH, error depends on particle size but not on particle overlap (as long as the computational domain is completely covered by particles). The new method is shown to be superior to standard FVPM for shock tube flow and inviscid steady transonic flow. In benchmarking on a viscous multiphase flow application, FVPM with exact interparticle area is shown to be competitive with a mesh-based volume-of-fluid solver in terms of computational time required to resolve the structure of an interface.     

Dynamics of fluid circulation in coupled free and heterogeneous porous domains

Fluid flow in coupled free and porous domain, particularly when the porous medium is heterogeneous, is encountered in many hydro-environmental conditions, e.g., leakage from underground pipe, combined groundwater lake-subsurface interactions. One of the most difficult problems in the study of coupled flow behaviour has been the development of a universally applicable modelling scheme for combining the flow regimes. This is because the free/porous interfacial properties (e.g., shear-stress; velocity slip) that govern the coupled flow behaviour are difficult to determine experimentally under hydro-environmental conditions. On the other hand, the implications of various forms of heterogeneity in the porous media properties can be very different on the fluid-flow behaviour. Difficulties may also arise in direct coupling of the model equations that govern the fluid flow in the individual regions (e.g., Navier-Stokes for free-flow region and the Darcy's equation for the porous flow region). Consequently, models of coupled free and porous flow for hydro-environmental conditions are not very well developed at the moment. While there are some indications that fluids in coupled free and porous domains may circulate (i.e., development of flow cells), there is a lack of appropriate 3D analysis on how heterogeneities in porous media may affect such flow patterns. In this paper, we aim to analyse how porous media heterogeneity affects the dynamics of flow circulation in the porous side of a coupled free and porous domain. For this purpose, we analyse flow patterns in several model domains made up of two porous layers with differing permeabilities. The governing model equations are discretised and solved using the standard finite volume method on a staggered cell-centred mesh. The temporal discretisation is done using the explicit method. An in-house graphical user interface (GUI) has been created specifically to aid in the visualisation of otherwise complex flow patterns. The GUI contains many post-processing options and provides a comprehensive tool for the analysis of hydrodynamics and contaminant motion (not discussed in this paper) in coupled free and porous flow domains. This GUI is described in this paper briefly. The effects of altering the aspect ratio (i.e., multi-scale) of the domain on the coupled flow pattern have also been discussed.     

型腔体组件装配尺寸检测技术分析与运用

为解决型腔体组件装配尺寸的检测问题,以某枪型的型腔体组件为例,分析该型腔体组件的结构特点,设计组合型检测装置,实现准确检测目的.归纳总结了型腔体组件装配尺寸检测技术运用过程中检测装置的设计要领,采用设计与被测型腔体组件相匹配的组合型检测装置,有效解决了型腔体组件装配尺寸检测过程中的定位困难、操作繁琐、检测准确性差等问题.该检测技术对确保型腔体组件装配尺寸的检测稳定性、检测可操作性、检测准确性等方面具有现实的指导意义.     

定容条件下火药实际燃烧规律的数值模拟

为研究火药的实际燃烧规律,建立了定容条件下火药燃烧的修正数学模型,分析了火药实际弧厚的分布及变化、点火不同步和燃速系数变化等因素对火药实际燃烧规律的影响。在此基础上,用考虑综合因素的修正数学模型对定容条件下火药的实际燃烧过程进行了模拟,计算值与实验结果具有较好的一致性,说明修正模型所建立的假设及处理方案是合理的。     

Numerical solution of viscous flow past a solid sphere with the control volume formulation

The control volume formulation with the QUICK finite difference scheme is used to solveincompressible liquid flow past a solid sphere in terms of stream function and vorticity.Several tech-nical points are addressed on improving the accuracy and efficiency of numerical simulation of similarproblems of fluid flow.In particular,the importance of suitable specification of the distortion func-tion to enforcing the far field boundarv conditions is emphasized.     

Volume phase transition of polyelectrolyte gels in dimethyl sulfoxide/ tetrahydrofuran mixtures

Copolymer gels were prepared from 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA, comonomer) and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS). The mole fraction of AMPS were 0.2674 and 0.4318, respectively, with the same BIS mole fraction of 0.013. These gels with counterions H⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ were swollen at 25°C in mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). A volume phase transition was observed at the THF volume fraction of about 0.58, indicating that the volume phase transition in a polyelectrolyte gel occurs when the medium polarity decreases sufficiently for ion-pair formation. On changing the counterion, the fraction of DMSO in the solvent mixture which is required to initiate swelling decreases in the order Na⁺, H⁺, and K⁺, the same as for counterion condensation in identical gels.