超声导波检测技术的发展、应用与挑战

回顾了近三十年的超声导波技术发展及应用,阐述了导波的频散现象及其求解方法,深入分析了导波激励的力学加载原理和模态选择原则。论述了导波的传感激励方法与装置,并比较了各种激励接收方法的特点与应用场合。对超声导波在板类、管类和复合材料中的应用进行了评述,并从提高缺陷检测能力的角度,介绍了时间反转法和相控阵法在超声导波技术中的应用。最后总结了当前导波技术面临的机遇与挑战。     

用于太空望远镜的大口径薄膜菲涅尔衍射元件

为了满足空间衍射成像系统对大口径、轻量化衍射元件的需求,设计制作了直径为400mm的聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜菲涅尔衍射元件。通过紫外光刻、离子束刻蚀等微细加工方法在石英基底上制作衍射图形,然后将衍射图形复制到PI薄膜上得到菲涅尔衍射型薄膜元件。结合有限元法探究了薄膜复制过程中热应力的变化规律及降低热应力的方法,分析了影响薄膜衍射效率的因素及薄膜制作误差、温度变化对薄膜成像的影响,最终实现了大面积薄膜与基底的分离,并通过局部氧气等离子体轰击提高了薄膜衍射效率的均匀性。经测试,薄膜菲涅尔衍射元件的厚度约为20μm,在波长633nm处的实际衍射效率平均值为33.14%,达到了理论效率的81.83%,衍射效率的均方根值RMS=0.01。实验结果表明,通过紫外光刻、离子束刻蚀和薄膜复制的方法可以得到大口径、高衍射效率的薄膜菲涅尔衍射元件。     

阵列式光谱辐射计光学参数测量

研究了阵列式光谱辐射计校准过程中涉及的杂散光和带宽等问题。实验比较了阵列式光谱辐射计在氙灯和卤钨灯照射下进行紫外辐射测量的差异,对差异的来源-杂散光部分进行了测评。采用一组已知透过率的滤光片,通过采集有滤光片和无滤光片条件下卤钨灯的光谱,对阵列式光谱辐射计的杂散光大小进行评价,并评估了杂散光在紫外辐射测量中引起的数值偏差。实验测量了不同的阵列式光谱辐射计采集窄带光源的结果,对阵列式光谱辐射计的带宽在辐射照度计算中的影响进行评估。实验结果表明:卤钨灯照射下部分阵列式光谱辐射计在紫外300nm处的杂散光比例高达30%以上,制约了紫外辐射测量的可靠性;氙灯照射下阵列式光谱辐射计在300nm的杂散光比例可以降至5%左右;阵列式光谱仪的带宽限制了其能够准确测量光源的最小测量半高宽,几种不同带宽的阵列式光谱辐射计在365nm的测量偏差高达4%。得到的结果表明:阵列式光谱辐射计的杂散光、带宽等光学特性对测量结果的准确性影响很大。     

Longitudinal mode magnetostrictive patch transducer array employing a multi-splitting meander coil for pipe inspection

Recently, a magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT) by means of the highly magnetostrictive (such as nickel or iron–cobalt alloy) patch attached on the specimen has been applied in nondestructive ultrasonic testing in waveguides. In the study, we proposed a new MPTs array employing a multi-splitting meander coil (MSMC) for generating and receiving longitudinal guided waves in pipes. In the suggested configuration, the directions of the static magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets and the dynamic magnetic field produced by the MSMC are in the axial direction of the pipe. Two finite element models were established to simulate the distribution of the static and dynamic magnetic fields in the patch, respectively. The proposed MSMC was made of flexible printed circuit (FPC), so it could be easily installed on pipe surface. The performance of the proposed MPTs array was experimentally studied. Firstly, it was experimentally verified that the axisymmetric longitudinal guided wave mode, L(0,2), could be effectively generated and received in pipes with the developed MSMC-MPTs array. Secondly, the frequency response characteristics of the developed MSMC-MPTs array were related to D (the distance between adjacent belts of the MSMC). Thirdly, we demonstrated the ability of the developed MSMC-MPTs array for the identification and location of a crack defect in pipes. Finally, we compared the performances of the MSMC-MPTs array and conventional meander coil-MPTs and proved that the signals of the longitudinal guided wave mode could be enhanced by using the developed MSMC-MPTs array.     

Controlled Synthesis of Polyions of Heavy Main-Group Elements in Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be valuable reaction media for the synthesis of inorganic materials among an abundance of other applications in different fields of chemistry. Up to now, the syntheses have remained mostly “black boxes”; and researchers have to resort to trial-and-error in order to establish a new synthetic route to a specific compound. This review comprises decisive reaction parameters and techniques for the directed synthesis of polyions of heavy main-group elements (fourth period and beyond) in ILs. Several families of compounds are presented ranging from polyhalides over carbonyl complexes and selenidostannates to homo and heteropolycations.     

Accumulation and Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cells and Experimental Animals

The uptake and distribution of negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (SPIONs) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH3T3, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal influenced by SPIONs injected into experimental animals, were visualized and investigated. Cellular uptake and distribution of the SPIONs in NIH3T3 after staining with Prussian Blue were investigated by a bright-field microscope equipped with digital color camera. SPIONs were localized in vesicles, mostly placed near the nucleus. Toxicity of SPION nanoparticles tested with cell viability assay (XTT) was estimated. The viability of NIH3T3 cells remains approximately 95% within 3–24 h of incubation, and only a slight decrease of viability was observed after 48 h of incubation. MRI studies on Wistar rats using a clinical 1.5 T MRI scanner were showing that SPIONs give a negative contrast in the MRI. The dynamic MRI measurements of the SPION clearance from the injection site shows that SPIONs slowly disappear from injection sites and only a low concentration of nanoparticles was completely eliminated within three weeks. No functionalized SPIONs accumulate in cells by endocytic mechanism, none accumulate in the nucleus, and none are toxic at a desirable concentration. Therefore, they could be used as a dual imaging agent: as contrast agents for MRI and for traditional optical biopsy by using Prussian Blue staining.     

永磁同步电机优化模型预测双转矩控制

针对永磁同步电机模型预测转矩控制计算量大、权重系数难以确定和转矩脉动大的问题,提出优化模型预测双转矩控制方法。该方法用有功转矩和无功转矩双转矩代替磁链和转矩的代价函数,从而简化系统结构。构建具有预测-校正功能的补偿函数,对补偿函数进行校正,降低延时问题产生的影响。在此基础上,加入扇区判断环节,将待选电压从8个减为3个,大大减少计算量。仿真结果表明:优化模型预测双转矩控制方法转矩脉动更低、计算量更小、动态响应更快。     

TGO厚度和界面形貌对新型涂层双管系统应力分布的影响

以700℃新型涂层双管系统为研究对象,采用有限元顺次耦合的计算方法,开展了热机载荷作用下TGO厚度和界面形貌对系统应力分布的影响研究。结果表明:TGO的厚度与其界面粗糙度均会对系统的Mises应力分布产生影响,但是与TGO厚度相比,粗糙度对TGO/BC界面靠近波峰处的Mises应力影响更加显著。此外,在TGO界面幅值和波长一定的条件下,不同的界面波形排列不会直接影响系统TGO/BC界面波峰处的Mises峰值应力;由于幅值和波长变化有效地改变了TGO界面的曲率,它们是控制涂层双管系统TGO/BC界面应力分布的关键特征参量。     

医用稀土镁合金微观组织特征及力学行为研究进展

近年来,镁合金作为生物医用金属材料受到了广泛关注,但其较差的力学强度极易导致植入物在服役周期内崩塌断裂,严重危及患者生命安全。稀土微复合金化作为当下提高可降解镁合金力学性能的有效措施,在消除镁合金杂质元素、净化熔体的同时,还可以起到促进动态再结晶、形成长周期堆垛有序相等作用。因此,本文从稀土镁合金微观结构转变及其与力学性能的基本关联出发,综述了近年来医用稀土镁合金组织特征及力学性能的研究进展,深入发掘了稀土元素、第二相及镁合金力学性能之间的本质关联,详细阐述了连续动态再结晶对稀土镁合金的强韧化机理,全面叙述了稀土元素诱导长周期堆垛有序结构对镁合金力学性能的影响规律。最后,本文对医用稀土镁合金未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于点阵式测量的混凝土箱梁水化热温度场原位试验

在混凝土箱梁模型上布设479个温度测点,对箱梁在水化热期间的温度变化规律进行精密测量。通过德洛内三角网格算法,建立用于混凝土箱梁温度测量的温度传感器点阵,绘制箱梁全截面在水化热期间的温度场云图,进而分析混凝土箱梁的水化热温度发展规律。研究结果表明：箱梁的水化热温度场基本呈对称分布,其中腹板水化热温度变化最大,最高温度为64.8℃,顶板、底板与腹板的最大平均温升比值约为1∶1.1∶1.4;底板水化热温度最先达到峰值,为混凝土浇筑后11h;腹板的平均温度峰值出现在浇筑后12h;顶板温度峰值相对滞后,为混凝土浇筑后13h;箱梁各板沿厚度方向的水化热温度服从高斯分布形式;顶板、底板沿宽度方向水化热温度呈双峰对称分布,服从二项组合式的高斯分布模型,而腹板的水化热温度沿板高可认为常量。此外,文中给出了箱梁模型关键位置在水化热期间的温度数据,可用于指导混凝土箱梁水化热温度试验的测点布置,并且为箱梁的水化热温度控制和设计提供参考。