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101.
Waters in the Great Lakes basin contain more than 400 contaminant chemicals that potentially affect fishery resources, commerce, and human inhabitants. We determined in the laboratory the effects of selected contaminants on the toxicity of the widely used lampricides TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) and Bayer 73 (2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide) to three species of fish—rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The fish were exposed to paired mixtures of lampricides and selected contaminants in standardized, acute static toxicity tests to determine the resulting type of response—less than additive, additive, or greater than additive (synergistic). As expected, the toxicities of combinations of lampricides with organic pesticides, metal, industrial or municipal pollutants, and tannic acid were mostly additive. However, the toxicity of a combination of TFM, Delnav, and malathion was synergistic, and extremely small quantities of each chemical became lethal when mixed. The concentration that produced 50% mortality was 1.64 mg/L for TFM alone but only 0.041 mg/L for TFM with the pesticides. Toxicities of the pesticides in the combination also increased commensurately. The triple combination of chemicals produced extraordinary synergism and effectively demonstrated the hazards that may result if certain chemical combinations occur in the aquatic environment. However, synergism is not the only kind of toxic action that produces hazards to aquatic organisms. All three types of toxic action are of concern because toxic units produced by contaminant chemicals add to the toxic units of applied management chemicals. Since the toxicity of the majority of chemical combinations is simply additive, this cumulative toxic action contributes more total units to aquatic environments than the extreme actions of less than additive and synergism. The toxicity of the lampricide TFM, as well as other management chemicals, is reinforced by the presence of any contaminant that contributes additional units of toxicity. Therefore, all types of cumulative toxic action should be of concern to people and agencies involved with protecting the environment. 相似文献
102.
Transport problems typically involve at least two types of constraints, on income and on time. Therefore, the indirect utility
function depends either on the income available after having subtracted the cost of the discrete alternative and on the free
time left after having worked and travelled by each competing option. In the typical linear-in-the-attributes and in-the-parameters
specification, that represents the first grade approximation of the indirect utility function, the effect of income and time
constraints cancel out and only the cost and time of the alternatives matter in the comparison between them. From a microeconomic
point of view this is equivalent to assume that income and time effects could be disregarded; which is not always the case.
To account for these effects the utility function should include second order attributes; however, in non-linear utility functions
it may not be easy to distinguish among several effects that could be relevant: direct preferences for good and leisure, and
simple interactions between attributes other than income and time effects. This paper analyses these effects from a theoretical
point of view focusing on the possible confounding problem in detecting income and time effects. We use a dataset collected
for a modal choice context and containing both revealed and stated preference data, and estimate several NL models examining
the effect of the different second-order terms on detecting income and time effects. We compared specifications including
square cost and time attributes, interactions between time and cost, cost divided by the income available to be spent on free
time, and time multiplied by free time. Our results confirm the strong effect of direct preferences for goods and leisure
time on choice, and the potential confounding effect between quadratic attributes and other non-linear omitted terms. Finally,
we also found that care should be taken in highlighting income and time effects using mixed data sources, since confounding
effects can occur when non-linearities are accounted for in both data sets. 相似文献
103.
海洋平台损伤检测的发展现状与展望 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对海洋平台损伤检测技术进行了分析,总结了国内外海洋平台损伤检测技术的最新进展。对各种检测方法进行了分类与比较,分析了不同检测方法的基本原理及其适用范围,提出了海洋工程结构损伤检测的二步法,可以综合利用不同的损伤检测方法,更准确、有效地对平台进行损伤检测。 相似文献
104.
以网络技术和信息技术为依托,建立职业安全健康动态监控信息系统,进行职业安全健康管理的监控和预警,提高安全管理的现代化水平。 相似文献
105.
Knobe (2003) wants to help adjudicate the philosophical debate concerning whether and under what conditions we normally judge that some side effect was brought about intentionally. His proposal for doing so is perhaps an obvious one--simply elicit the intuitions of "The Folk" directly on the matter and record the results. Knobe concludes that people's judgment that a side effect was brought about intentionally apparently rests, at least in part, upon how blameworthy they find the agent responsible for it. Knobe's appreciably straightforward approach to this question does not settle the matter, however. Simply raising that question can itself affect our evaluation of the side effect in question as either something good or something bad. As a result, Knobe's experiments effectively bias subjects' responses toward judging the given side effects more negatively than they might have otherwise. Subjects failed to assign a high level of praise for good side effects because taking into account whether they were brought about intentionally or unintentionally makes them suspect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
106.
Maarja Kruusmaa 《Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems》2003,38(1):55-83
This paper presents a self-adapting approach to global level path planning in dynamic environments. The aim of this work is to minimize risk and delays in possible applications of mobile robots (e.g., in industrial processes). We introduce a hybrid system that uses case-based reasoning as well as grid-based maps for decision-making. Maps are used to suggest several alternative paths between specific start and goal point. The casebase stores these solutions and remembers their characteristics. Environment representation and casebase design are discussed. To solve the problem of exploration vs. exploitation, a decision-making strategy is proposed that is based on the irreversibility of decisions. Forgetting strategies are discussed and evaluated in the context of case-based maintenance. The adaptability of the system is evaluated in a domain based on real sensor data with simulated occupancy probabilities. Forgetting strategies and decision-making strategies are evaluated in simulated environments. Experiments show that a robot is able to adapt in dynamic environments and can learn to use paths that are less risky to follow. 相似文献
107.
Braithwaite Jason J.; Humphreys Glyn W.; Hodsoll John 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,29(4):758
Five experiments addressed the role of color grouping in preview search (D. G. Watson & G. W. Humphreys, 1997). Experiment 1 used opposite color ratios of distractors in preview and second search displays, creating equal numbers of distractors in each color group in the final display. There was selective slowing for new targets carrying the majority color of the old items. This effect held when there was no bias in the preview and only the second search set had an uneven color ratio (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, participants had foreknowledge of the target color, and effects were shown over and above those due to color biases. Experiment 4 demonstrated negative color carryover even when previews changed color. Experiment 5 showed reduced color carryover effects when previews were presented more briefly. Collectively, the results provide evidence for inhibitory carryover effects in preview search based on feature grouping. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
108.
109.
Palogue油田复合油藏动态响应及特征描述 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
以简单的复合油藏模型理论和方法为基础,以Palogue油田的实际测试井为例,介绍了复合油藏模型的试井动态识别与模型拟合,及与地质静态资料相结合的油藏综合描述过程.该描述方法将会对实际试井解释和油藏综合描述工作有所借鉴和帮助. 相似文献
110.
建立了斜拉桥动力分析的三维有限单元模型 ,研究了单元类型和参数变化对斜拉桥动力特性的影响。详细地讨论了斜拉桥非线性来源 ,并运用 6节点薄壁单元和 4节点索单元分别考虑了斜拉桥弯曲构件和索的非线性特性。通过对一斜拉桥的数值分析 ,得到了关于斜拉桥动力参数敏感性的一般结论。 相似文献