水面蒸发模型的进一步优化

水面蒸发量是水文水利计算、径流分析预测及水资源利用评价的主要内容,针对目前水面蒸发计算模型存在的问题,通过对水面蒸发机理的分析,采用最小二乘回归法,建立了由主要影响因子构成的修正系数函数对由相对次要因子构成的主体函数进行修正的基本模型,经比较,该模型具有较好的拟合精度。     

基于LabVIEW 8.0测定纯液体蒸发焓的虚拟仪器

将常规的数字温度仪与压力计通过串行口和计算机连接,构建基于LabVIEW 8.0测定纯液体蒸发焓的虚拟仪器,实现实验数据的动态采集、实时显示、自动绘制p～T曲线并显示曲线方程、自动数据处理和写成结果报告等。应用结果表明:基于LabVIEW构建的测定纯液体蒸发焓的虚拟仪器,免除人工操作的繁琐和人为误差,测定乙醇和苯蒸发焓的相对误差分别为0.86%、-2.97%,提高了测量结果的准确度,且具有界面友好,操作简便和功能易扩展等诸多优点。     

DCS控制系统在蒸发工段的应用

分析了碱回收蒸发工段的工艺流程和控制要求,从硬件配置和软件设计等方面对碱回收蒸发工段进行了详细的叙述,同时采取软测量的方法测量黑液浓度,提出黑液浓度-压力串级控制方法;根据工艺要求设计出一种新型的DCS控制方法,它是由西门子公司的SIMATIC 400系列PLC连接ET200系列的分布式I/O系统及标准伺服控制系统组成的DP控制网络,通过相应的智能仪表及阀门对现场信号进行采集和控制;由此对碱回收蒸发工段实施集散控制的优化控制法案;工程实践表明,该系统在江苏甲乙粘胶公司生产线上投用,各种控制性指标能够很好地满足公司的要求。     

2D MoN1.2-rGO Stacked Heterostructures Enabled Water State Modification for Highly Efficient Interfacial Solar Evaporation

Improving interfacial solar evaporation performance is crucial for the practical application of this technology in solar-driven seawater desalination. Lowering evaporation enthalpy is one of the most promising and effective strategies to significantly improve solar evaporation rate. In this study, a new pathway to lower vaporization enthalpy by introducing heterogeneous interactions between hydrophilic hybrid materials and water molecules is developed. 2D MoN_1.2 nanosheets are synthesized and integrated with rGO nanosheets to form stacked MoN_1.2-rGO heterostructures with massive junction interfaces for interfacial solar evaporation. Molecular dynamics simulation confirms that atomic thick 2D MoN_1.2 and rGO in the MoN_1.2-rGO heterostructures simultaneously interact with water molecules, while the interactions are remarkably different. These heterogeneous interactions cause an imbalanced water state, which easily breaks the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, leading to dramatically lowered vaporization enthalpy and improved solar evaporation rate (2.6 kg m⁻² h⁻¹). This study provides a promising strategy for designing 2D-2D heterostructures to regulate evaporation enthalpy to improve solar evaporate rate for clean water production.     

High throughput research and evaporation rate modeling for solvent screening for ethylcellulose barrier membranes in pharmaceutical applications

Context: Ethylcellulose is commonly dissolved in a solvent or formed into an aqueous dispersion and sprayed onto various dosage forms to form a barrier membrane to provide controlled release in pharmaceutical formulations. Due to the variety of solvents utilized in the pharmaceutical industry and the importance solvent can play on film formation and film strength it is critical to understand how solvent can influence these parameters.

Objective: To systematically study a variety of solvent blends and how these solvent blends influence ethylcellulose film formation, physical and mechanical film properties and solution properties such as clarity and viscosity.

Materials and methods: Using high throughput capabilities and evaporation rate modeling, thirty-one different solvent blends composed of ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, methanol, and/or water were formulated, analyzed for viscosity and clarity, and narrowed down to four solvent blends. Brookfield viscosity, film casting, mechanical film testing and water permeation were also completed.

Results and discussion: High throughput analysis identified isopropanol/water, ethanol, ethanol/water and methanol/acetone/water as solvent blends with unique clarity and viscosity values. Evaporation rate modeling further rank ordered these candidates from excellent to poor interaction with ethylcellulose. Isopropanol/water was identified as the most suitable solvent blend for ethylcellulose due to azeotrope formation during evaporation, which resulted in a solvent-rich phase allowing the ethylcellulose polymer chains to remain maximally extended during film formation. Consequently, the highest clarity and most ductile films were formed.

Conclusion: Employing high throughput capabilities paired with evaporation rate modeling allowed strong predictions between solvent interaction with ethylcellulose and mechanical film properties.     

真空冷冻干燥装置制冷系统的设计

基于真空冷冻干燥装置的推广应用,讨论了该装置制冷量的确定方法,给出了常见冻干食品的蒸发温度为－３５～－４０℃,可满足其降温要求,介绍了该装置近阶段优先选择的制冷剂为Ｒ７１７、Ｒ２２,优先选择的制冷机为单、双机压缩冷凝制冷机组,或带经济器的螺杆式低温压缩机组,为进一步工程应用提供设计依据     

浮盖式蓄水屋顶隔热功效研究

描述蓄水屋机的演变过程,推荐隔热效果最优化的浮盖式方案,提出蓄水屋顶动态襄减的新见解,分析影响衰减的主要因素。     

多效蒸发系统优化设计目标函数的建立与求解

建立了带有冷凝水闪蒸的并流多效蒸发系统优化设计新模型。该模型以整个蒸发系统的年总费用（包括加热蒸汽年费用、真空系统年费用以及蒸发器和各辅助设备的年折旧维修费用等）最小为优化目标,以生蒸汽压力、冷凝器真空度及各效有效传热温度痉为决策变量,提出一种新算法——复合形法嵌套拉格朗日乘子法和矩阵法求最优解。算例表明,生蒸汽压力、冷凝器真空度、价格参数和冷凝水闪蒸对优化结果影响显著,按新模型优化设计比常规设计可节省年费用16％左右。新算法对初值要求不高、收敛稳定性好、收敛速度快。     

硝铵装置降膜蒸发存在问题与改进措施

对我公司硝铵装置降膜蒸发工序存在的问题进行分析 ,并通过技术改进 ,使干燥洗涤液全部返回系统 ,造粒塔粘塔问题得到缓解 ,取得可观的经济效益和环保效益     

蒸发结晶操作中传热温差的选择

蒸发结晶是化工生产中常见的单元操作，在其加热过程中，较高的传热温差对于强化传热效率、提高设备能力极为有利。但是，传热温差过高会引起蒸发结晶操作的不稳定，甚至造成生产装置停车，使所追求的高效率适得其反。因此，必须合理选择传热温差，以保证生产装置在高效、稳定的状况下运行。