All‐Printed Porous Carbon Film for Electricity Generation from Evaporation‐Driven Water Flow

Converting environmental “waste energies” into electricity via a natural process is an ideal strategy for environmental energy harvesting and supplying power for distributed energy‐consuming devices. This paper reports that evaporation‐driven water flow within an all‐printed porous carbon film can reliably generate sustainable voltage up to 1 V with a power density of ≈8.1 µW cm^?3 under ambient conditions. The output performance of the device can be easily scaled up and used to power low‐power consumption electronic devices or for energy storage. Furthermore, the device is successfully used without electric storage as a direct power source for electrodeposition of silver microstructures. Because of the ubiquity of water evaporation in nature and the low cost of materials involved, the study presents a novel avenue to harvest ambient energy and has potential applications in low‐cost, green, self‐powered devices and systems.     

In situ sulfurization to generate Sb2(Se1 − xSx)3 alloyed films and their application for photovoltaics

Because of its tunable band gap and band position, Sb₂(Se_{1 − x} S_x )₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) is a promising light‐absorbing material for photovoltaic device applications. However, no systematic study on the synthesis and characterization of single‐phase polycrystalline Sb₂(Se_{1 − x} S_x )₃ thin films has been reported. Through introducing in situ sulfurization into the rapid thermal evaporation process, a series of single‐phase, highly crystalline Sb₂(Se_{1 − x} S_x )₃ films with x = 0.09, 0.20, 0.31, and 0.43 were successfully obtained, with the corresponding band gap, band position and film morphology fully revealed. Futhermore, solar cells with superstrate ITO/CdS/Sb₂(Se_{1 − x} S_x )₃/Au structure were fabricated and carefully optimized. Finally, a champion device having 5.79% solar conversion efficiency was obtained employing uniform Sb₂(Se_0.80S_0.20)₃ absorber layer. Our experimental investigation confirmed that Sb₂(Se_{1 − x} S_x )₃ is indeed a very promising absorber material worth further optimization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热致漂白效应对非晶Ge34Ga2S64薄膜结构和光学特性的影响

采用热蒸发法技术沉积Ge34Ga2S64非晶薄膜,并对薄膜样品在375℃热处理2h。通过分光光度计、表面轮廓仪和显微拉曼光谱仪测试热处理前后薄膜样品的透过曲线、薄膜厚度和拉曼结构。利用薄膜干涉曲线的波峰和波谷计算了薄膜的厚度和折射率,并根据Swanepoel方法以及Tauc公式分别计算了薄膜折射率色散曲线和光学带隙等参数。结果表明,Ge34Ga2S64非晶薄膜经热处理后发生热致漂白效应,大分子团簇以及Ge-Ge、S-S同极错键含量明显减少,网络结构无序性降低,从而引起薄膜的光学吸收边蓝移、折射率降低、表面粗糙度(Ra)降低0.515nm和光学带隙增大0.118eV。     

稀土Er掺杂的MoSe2纳米线的制备及发光特性研究

本文研究了稀土掺杂硒化钼(MoSe₂)垂直纳米线 的制备及光学特性。以分析纯硒化钼 粉末为原料,采用热蒸发方法在Si衬底上沉积硒化钼垂直纳米线,并在其生长过程中利用硝 酸鉺进行原位掺杂。利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外-可见分光光度计 和 荧光光谱仪研究了掺杂硒化钼薄膜的表面形貌﹑晶体结构﹑光吸收和特性。发现掺杂后MoSe ₂纳米线的结晶性更强,长度增加2倍以上。同时,掺杂后纳米线的可见光吸收和光致发光 强 度明显增强,760 nm处MoSe₂纳米线的带间跃迁的本征发射增强4倍 以上。另外,Er³⁺掺杂后 ,在590 nm和650 nm处增加了2个来自Er³⁺离子的发射,说明稀土掺杂后发光峰增加,使 光谱谱线更加丰富。以上结果表明,稀土掺杂可显著增强硒化钼的结晶性、光吸收和发光效 率,使其可用于制备超薄、高效率的太阳能电池、光探测器等光电子器件。     

Optical and electrical properties and phonon drag effect in low temperature TEP measurements of AgSbSe2 thin films

Polycrystalline thin films of silver antimony selenide have been deposited using a reactive evaporation technique onto an ultrasonically cleaned glass substrate at a vacuum of 10-5 torr. The preparative parameters, like substrate temperature and incident fluxes, have been properly controlled in order to get stoichiometric, good quality and reproducible thin film samples. The samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM and a UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The prepared sample is found to be polycrystalline in nature. From the XRD pattern, the average particle size and lattice constant are calculated. The dislocation density, strain and number of crystallites per unit area are evaluated using the average particle size. The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the temperature has also been studied and the prepared AgSbSe2 samples are semiconducting in nature. The AgSbSe2 thin films exhibited an indirect allowed optical transition with a band gap of 0.64 eV. The compound exhibits promising thermoelectric properties, a large Seebeck coefficient of 30 mV/K at 48 K due to strong phonon electron interaction. It shows a strong temperature dependence on thermoelectric properties, including the inversion of a dominant carrier type from p to n over a low temperature range 9-300 K, which is explained on the basis of a phonon drag effect.     

基于盲自适应KLT的蒸发波导压缩感知方法

蒸发波导既可促成微波通信、雷达等系统超视距工作,又可能造成异常盲区,因此获知蒸发波导的时空态势是夺取海上制电磁权的关键.若仅靠增大传感器布设密度提升感知分辨率,则费效比高且提升空间有限.压缩感知为从相对稀少的观测数据中获知蒸发波导态势提供了可能.本文提出盲自适应KLT（Karhunen-Loéve Transform）追踪算法,通过少量观测数据,充分挖掘蒸发波导的稀疏性,准确恢复出蒸发波导的分布.理论分析和实验表明,新方法总体性能优于基于DCT（Discrete Cosine Transform）和传统KLT的对照组性能,且新方法在节省九成采样资源的前提下,最终的重构结果能够达到重构信噪比30dB的水平,为海上长时间、大范围蒸发波导态势感知提供了压缩采集的基础.     

用雷达海杂波反演蒸发波导的蚁群算法

针对传统算法在实现雷达海杂波反演蒸发波导参数时表现出寻优慢、收敛早熟的现象,引入了具有更好寻优力的蚁群算法来实现反演过程。分析了利用雷达海杂波反演大气波导的基本原理流程;列出了用于函数优化的蚁群算法的原理。将蚁群算法与雷达海杂波反演大气波导的思路相结合,完成了对蒸发波导的反演。     

基于流体体积方法的燃油液滴蒸发过程数值模拟研究

建立了基于气液两相流流体体积（VOF）方法的燃油液滴蒸发的数学计算模型,研究了燃油液滴蒸发过程中的传热传质特性及强制对流流场对传热传质特性的影响。研究发现,燃油液滴在蒸发过程中,液滴内部并不是均匀加热,而是热点区域加热较快,其他区域缓慢加热。在初始时刻时,燃油液滴相界面处的蒸气与周围气体之间的浓度梯度较大,因此初期的蒸发速率较快,其谢伍德数Sh也较大。不同气液相温度差能促进液滴的蒸发过程,随着气液相温度差增大,液滴蒸发速率逐渐增大。随着雷诺数的增大,高温热点区域的分界线逐渐模糊,液滴内部加热逐渐趋于均匀。雷诺数越大,液滴的温度越高,但液滴温度差别较小。不同雷诺数能有效促进液滴的蒸发过程。     

Subcritical and supercritical droplet evaporation within a zero-gravity environment: Low Weber number relative motion

A validated comprehensive axisymmetric numerical model, which includes the high pressure transient effects, variable thermo-physical properties and inert species solubility in the liquid phase, has been employed to study the evaporation of moving n-heptane droplets within a zero-gravity nitrogen environment, for a wide range of ambient pressures and initial freestream velocities. At the high ambient temperature considered (1000 K), the evaporation constant increases with the ambient pressure. At low ambient pressure, the evaporation constant becomes almost a constant during the end of the lifetime. At high ambient pressures, the transient behavior is present throughout the droplet lifetime. The final penetration distance of a moving droplet decreases exponentially with increasing ambient pressure. The average evaporation constant increases with ambient pressure. The variation is almost linear for reduced ambient pressures smaller than approximately 2. For higher values, depending on the initial freestream velocity, the average evaporation constant either becomes a constant (at low initial freestream velocities) or it non-linearly increases (at high initial freestream velocities) with the ambient pressure. Droplet lifetime decreases with increasing ambient pressure and/or increasing initial freestream velocity.