Influence of geosynthetic reinforcement on the stability of an embankment with rigid columns embedded in an inclined underlying stratum

Incompressible dipping substrata are commonly encountered in engineering practice. Compared to horizontal underlying strata, the inclined underlying stratum increase the risk of collapse of embankments reinforced with columns because it weakens the restraint of the column base. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of geosynthetics on improving the embankment stability when the underlying stratum is inclined. The influence of geosynthetic tensile stiffness on the ultimate surcharge and failure mechanism is studied. A deep-seated failure with column tilting occurs when the geosynthetic tensile stiffness is low, whereas a lateral sliding occurs when the geosynthetic tensile stiffness is high. To illustrate the contribution of geosynthetics, the distribution of the lateral pressures acting on the columns is analyzed.     

Adaptive compensation of persistent actuator failures of nonlinear systems

In this article, adaptive compensation designs are developed for nonlinear systems with uncertainties from the system functions and persistent actuator failures of characterizations that (i) some unknown system inputs are stuck at some unknown fixed or varying values at unknown time instants and (ii) the failure pattern always switches from one to another and the switching does not stop. Such a controlled plant is described by an uncertain time-varying nonlinear system, and some robust adaptive feedback linearization based failure compensation results are studied for closed-loop system stabilization and bounded output tracking for some specific conditions. To improve the tracking performance in the presence of persistent actuator failures, a new adaptive control scheme is developed, using the failure indicator function which contains the failure pattern and failure time in the formulation. Detailed stability and tracking performance are shown. Simulation results are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive actuator failure compensation method.     

Quantifying the limits of CAR T-cell delivery in mice and men

CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T cells have demonstrated clinical success for the treatment of multiple lymphomas and leukaemias, but not for various solid tumours, despite promising data from murine models. Lower effective CAR T-cell delivery rates to human solid tumours compared to haematological malignancies in humans and solid tumours in mice might partially explain these divergent outcomes. We used anatomical and physiological data for human and rodent circulatory systems to calculate the typical perfusion of healthy and tumour tissues, and estimated the upper limits of immune cell delivery rates across different organs, tumour types and species. Estimated maximum delivery rates were up to 10 000-fold greater in mice than humans yet reported CAR T-cell doses are typically only 10–100-fold lower in mice, suggesting that the effective delivery rates of CAR T cells into tumours in clinical trials are far lower than in corresponding mouse models. Estimated delivery rates were found to be consistent with published positron emission tomography data. Results suggest that higher effective human doses may be needed to drive efficacy comparable to mouse solid tumour models, and that lower doses should be tested in mice. We posit that quantitation of species and organ-specific delivery and homing of engineered T cells will be key to unlocking their potential for solid tumours.     

腐蚀磨损过程中材料的环境脆性

从腐蚀磨损的交互作用、腐蚀磨损与应力腐蚀及氢脆的异同出发，论述了磨损加速腐蚀及腐蚀加速磨损的微观机制，指出材料的环境脆性与腐蚀对磨损的加速作用程度有关．从腐蚀对磨损的加速作用、比能耗、磨痕硬度等方面分析了不锈钢 Cl^-体系、Ni-P镀层 NaOH溶液、H4340钢与Ti6A14V合金 稀硫酸溶液体系、铜合金 NH4^ (NH3)或S^2-溶液中的环境脆化行为和规律，总结出材料环境脆性的力学判据，展望了今后腐蚀磨损的研究方向．     

腐蚀引起钻柱刺漏的机理分析及预防措施

详细分析了腐蚀引起钻柱刺漏的机理，得知：造成钻柱刺漏的主要原因是空气中的O2、地层中的硫化氢和二氧化碳、钻井液残液、钻井液中的盐类对钻柱的腐蚀和钻井液对钻柱的冲蚀。针对引起钻柱刺漏的原因，制定了去除钻井液中的O2、监测钻井液腐蚀性并加入相应的添加剂去除CO2和H2S、定期对钻杆进行检测、对存放的钻杆进行防腐处理、使用厚过渡区改进型钻杆等措施。在苏丹某区块现场实践证明，采取这些措施，由腐蚀引起的钻柱刺漏事故大大减少，在该区块的T-1井和D-1井钻进的3个月中，仅发生一次钻柱刺漏事故。     

The effect of ionic cross-links on the deformation behavior of homoblends made of poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)

Deformation behavior of stoichiometric blends made from poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) (SPS) and poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (SVP) was investigated by TEM observation of strained thin films. An FTIR investigation revealed that ionic cross-links were formed between the component polymers upon blending due to intermolecular ion-ion interactions, which arose from proton transfer from sulfonic acid groups to pyridine groups. TEM observations indicate that the deformation mode of the blends changed from crazing only to crazing plus shear deformation, with the shear contribution becoming larger, as the ion content in the blends increased. Such changes in deformation mode can be understood as arising from an increase in the ‘effective’ strand density due to the formation of ionic cross-links upon blending. It was also found that the ionic cross-links via pyridinium cation/sulfonate anion ion pairs were more effective in inducing the transition of deformation mode than ionic cross-links via -SO₃⁻/Na⁺ or -SO₃⁻/Ca²⁺ ion pairs.     

裂解炉炉管基于风险的检验

管式裂解炉炉管受炉内高温及管内介质压力的共同作用,易发生蠕变等现象,因此,对裂解炉炉管进行风险评价尤为重要。应用API 581基于风险的检验规范对炉管的失效可能性及失效后果分别进行定量计算,并由此得到裂解炉炉管的定量风险结果和基于风险的检验周期,为裂解炉的风险控制与管理提供依据。     

电站隧洞岩爆岩石的微观破坏力学机制分析

分析总结西南某电站辅助隧洞的岩爆发育特征,然后用扫描电镜技术(SEM)对岩爆岩石断口进行微观断裂形貌研究,并总结其破坏力学机制,最终建立起岩爆岩石的微观断裂方式和破坏力学机制与宏观岩爆特征及其烈度的关系。     

细节决定采输卤的成败

通过认真学习《细节决定成败》，结合井矿盐开采的实际，分别以生产过程中的三个细节为主，讨论了在采输卤生产技术控制中的细节的重要性。     

浅析城2井推覆体钻具失效

城2井推覆体构造带主要岩性为海西期花岗岩，岩石硬度高，钻井施工难度相当大，易发生断钻具等复杂情况。就城2井推覆体构造特点，和钻井施工中钻具失效原因分析、发生钻具失效时的井下情况判断、推覆体大井眼打捞落鱼方法、推覆体钻进预防钻具失效的措施等方面予以介绍，对今后在山前推覆体构造带施工有一定的借鉴和指导作用。