Inverted Solution Processable OLEDs Using a Metal Oxide as an Electron Injection Contact.

A new type of bottom‐emission electroluminescent device is described in which a metal oxide is used as the electron‐injecting contact. The preparation of such a device is simple. It consists of the deposition of a thin layer of a metal oxide on top of an indium tin oxide covered glass substrate, followed by the solution processing of the light‐emitting layer and subsequently the deposition of a high‐workfunction (air‐stable) metal anode. This architecture allows for a low‐cost electroluminescent device because no rigorous encapsulation is required. Electroluminescence with a high brightness reaching 5700 cd m^–2 is observed at voltages as low as 8 V, demonstrating the potential of this new approach to organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices. Unfortunately the device efficiency is rather low because of the high current density flowing through the device. We show that the device only operates after the insertion of an additional hole‐injection layer in between the light‐emitting polymer (LEP) and the metal anode. A simple model that explains the experimental results and provides avenues for further optimization of these devices is described. It is based on the idea that the barrier for electron injection is lowered by the formation of a space–charge field over the metal‐oxide–LEP interface due to the build up of holes in the LEP layer close to this interface.     

济钢高炉喷煤数学模型的研究与应用

基于湍流两相流理论建立了高炉喷煤两相流动及传质三维数学模型。采用该模型指导高炉生产 ,高炉利用系数由2 .7t/(m3.d)提高到 3 .0 t/(m3.d)以上 ,焦比由 460 kg/t降到 40 0 kg/t,煤比达到 10 0 kg/t,提高了高炉的各项经济技术指标。     

压力容器类焊接产品的质量分析与控制

从控制和保证压力容器类焊接产品质量角度出发，通过分析其在制造过程中每道工序可能出现的质量问题，总结出这类产品在制造过程质量分析的要领及内容，提出了质量控制的关键，为制定焊接检验方案提供依据。     

CO2 emissions in Greece for 1990–2002: A decomposition analysis and comparison of results using the Arithmetic Mean Divisia Index and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index techniques

This paper deals with the decomposition analysis of energy-related CO₂ emissions in Greece from 1990 to 2002. The Arithmetic Mean Divisia Index (AMDI) and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) techniques are applied and changes in CO₂ emissions are decomposed into four factors: income effect, energy intensity effect, fuel share effect and population effect. The period-wise and time series analyses show that the biggest contributor to the rise in CO₂ emissions in Greece is the income effect; on the contrary, the energy intensity effect is mainly responsible for the decrease in CO₂ emissions. A comparison of the results of the two techniques gave an insight in the intricacies of energy decomposition. Finally, conclusions and future areas of research are presented.     

Automating application software generation

Many approaches have been proposed to enhance software productivity and reliability. These approaches typically fall into three categories: the engineering approach, the formal approach and the knowledge-based approach. But the optimal gain in software productivity cannot be obtained if one relies on only one of these approaches. This paper describes the work in knowledge-based software engineering conducted by the authors for the past 10 years. The final goal of the research is to develop a paradigm for software engineering which integrates the three approaches mentioned above. A knowledge-based tool which can support the whole process of software development is provided in this paper.     

分置式牛津型斯特林制冷机的数值分析与实验验证

对分置式牛津型斯特林制冷机进行了数值计算 ,介绍了计算模型考虑到的众多不可逆因素。通过对计算结果与实验结果的对比 ,验证了本文数值计算的准确性 ,说明本文计算模型与数值处理方法是切实可行的     

一种新的变步长ICA自适应算法

结合互信息极小的优化判据，基于估计函数期望平方准则、外点法和最速下降法的思想，本文导出了一种新的变步长独立分量分析(ICA)自适应算法。该算法克服了固定步长在分离矩阵推导过程中出现的稳态失调问题，比基于模拟退火步长的ICA算法有更快的仞始收敛速度和较高的分离精度。同时，该算法还具有较好的时变系统跟踪能力。理论分析和仿真计算结果证实了其可以有效地提高ICA的自适虚性，更准确地完成盲信号分离。     

基于复数主成分分析的磁共振波谱信号衰减系数的自动校正

衰减系数的校正是磁共振波谱信号处理和分析过程中的一个关键难题。本文基于复数主成分分析，提出了一种自动的磁共振波谱衰减系数的校正方法，较成功地解决了这个难点问题。文中的模拟数据及其实现结果充分验证了该方法的有效性。     

A continuum model for pumping performance of turbomolecular pumps in all flow regimes

In the present study a continuum model for one-dimensional plane Couette-Poiseuille flow is implemented to turbomolecular pumps in different flow regimes. Pumping performance of various turbomolecular pumps including 6 single rotors, a rotor-stator row, a rotor-stator-rotor row, and a multi-row with 13 alternative rotor-stator rows is considered here. The obtained results show that the model provides good quantitative values for pumping performance of turbomolecular pumps over the whole regimes ranging from molecular flow to transition to slip flow.