Reduction of Noise from Disc Brake Systems Using Composite Friction Materials Containing Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs)

Attempts have been made for the first time to prepare a friction material with the characteristic of thermal sensitive modulus, by the inclusion of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) as viscoelastic polymeric materials into the formulation in order to the increase the damping behavior of the cured friction material. Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) and nitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC) blend system were used as TPE materials. In order to evaluate the viscoelastic parameters such as loss factor (tan δ) and storage modulus (E′) for the friction material, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) were used. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of friction material and brake disc were determined by modal analysis. However, NBR/PVC and SEBS were found to be much more effective in damping behavior. The results from this comparative study suggest that the damping characteristics of commercial friction materials can be strongly affected by the TPE ingredients. This investigation also confirmed that the specimens with high TPE content had low noise propensity.     

Thermal fracture analysis of orthotropic functionally graded materials using an equivalent domain integral approach

A new computational method based on the equivalent domain integral (EDI) is developed for mode I fracture analysis of orthotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to thermal stresses. By using the constitutive relations of plane orthotropic thermoelasticity, generalized definition of the J-integral is converted to an equivalent domain integral to calculate the thermal stress intensity factor. In the formulation of the EDI approach, all the required thermomechanical properties are assumed to have continuous spatial variations through the functionally graded medium. Developed methodology is integrated into a fracture mechanics research finite element code FRAC2D using graded finite elements that possess cubic interpolation. Steady-state and transient temperature distribution profiles in orthotropic FGMs are computed using the finite elements based heat transfer analysis software HEAT2D. EDI method is validated and domain independence is demonstrated by comparing the numerical results obtained using EDI to those calculated by an enriched finite element method and to those available in the literature. Single and periodic edge crack problems in orthotropic FGMs are examined in order to study the influences of principal thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity components, relative crack length and crack periodicity on the thermal stress intensity factors. Numerical results show that among the three principal thermal expansion coefficient components, the in-plane component perpendicular to the crack axis has the most significant influence on the mode I stress intensity factor. Gradation profile of the thermal expansion coefficient parallel to the crack axis is shown to have no effect on the outcome of the fracture analysis.     

Dynamic Response Analysis of Fuzzy Stochastic Truss Structures under Fuzzy Stochastic Excitation

A novel method (Fuzzy factor method) is presented, which is used in the dynamic response analysis of fuzzy stochastic truss structures under fuzzy stochastic step loads. Considering the fuzzy randomness of structural physical parameters, geometric dimensions and the amplitudes of step loads simultaneously, fuzzy stochastic dynamic response of the truss structures is developed using the mode superposition method and fuzzy factor method. The fuzzy numerical characteristics of dynamic response are then obtained by using the random variable’s moment method and the algebra synthesis method. The influences of the fuzzy randomness of structural physical parameters, geometric dimensions and step load on the fuzzy randomness of the dynamic response are demonstrated via an engineering example, and Monte-Carlo method is used to simulate this example, verifying the feasibility and validity of the modeling and method given in this paper.     

Obtaining mode mixity for a bimaterial interface crack using the virtual crack closure technique

We review, unify and extend work pertaining to evaluating mode mixity of interfacial fracture utilizing the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). From the VCCT, components of the strain energy release rate (SERR) are obtained using the forces and displacements near the crack tip corresponding to the opening and sliding contributions. Unfortunately, these components depend on the crack extension size, Δ, used in the VCCT. It follows that a mode mixity based upon these components also will depend on the crack extension size. However, the components of the strain energy release rate can be used for determining the complex stress intensity factors (SIFs) and the associated mode mixity. In this study, we show that several—seemingly different—suggested methods presented in the literature used to obtain mode mixity based on the stress intensity factors are indeed identical. We also present an alternative, simpler quadratic equation to this end. Moreover, a Δ-independent strain energy release based mode mixity can be defined by introducing a “normalizing length parameter.” We show that when the reference length (used for the SIF-based mode mixity) and the normalizing length (used for Δ-independent SERR-based mode mixity) are equal, the two mode mixities are only shifted by a phase angle, depending on the bimaterial parameter ε.     

指挥军官任职培训效果评估量化指标体系研究

探讨了建立指挥军官任职培训效果评估量化指标体系应遵循的基本原则，提出了建立该指标体系的模型，运用基于主成分的因子分析方法研究了26项评估指标，确定了反映任职培训效果的5类指标类型，对指标类型的内涵进行了分析，说明建立的指标体系具有实际意义．     

Stress intensity factors of an inclined elliptical crack near a bimaterial interface

In this paper the stress intensity factors are discussed for an inclined elliptical crack near a bimaterial interface. The solution utilizes the body force method and requires Green’s functions for perfectly bonded semi-infinite bodies. The formulation leads to a system of hypersingular integral equation whose unknowns are three modes of crack opening displacements. In the numerical calculation, unknown body force densities are approximated by using fundamental density functions and polynomials. The results show that the present method yields smooth variations of stress intensity factors along the crack front accurately. Distributions of stress intensity factors are presented in tables and figures with varying the shape of crack, distance from the interface, and elastic modulus ratio. It is found that the inclined crack can be evaluated by the models of vertical and parallel cracks within the error of 24% even for the cracks very close to the interface.     

A weight function methodology for the assessment of embedded and surface irregular plane cracks

A low cost numerical tool for the calculation of mode I stress intensity factors K in embedded and surface irregular cracks is presented in this paper. The proposed tool is an extension of the O-integral algorithm due to Oore and Burns for the assessment of embedded plane cracks using the weight function methodology. The performance of the O-integral is assessed first by comparing its K results to exact solutions for embedded elliptical and rectangular cracks. From the analysis of this data it is found that the error in the K results systematically depends on the crack aspect ratio and the local crack front curvature. Based on this evidence a corrective function is derived in order to remediate the limitations of the O-integral. Solutions due to Newman and Raju are used to account for the effects of free surfaces and finite thickness. The accuracy of the proposed procedure is assessed by solving a number of examples and by comparing the obtained results to those available in the literature.     

应用模态级数方法分析电力系统模态谐振

本文推出了一种分析电力系统模态谐振的方法———模态级数(modalseries)方法。用该方法求取2阶解析解不用解高维非线性代数方程,而且把谐振情况和非谐振情况的公式融为一体,推导容易,计算简单。在2阶解析解的基础上推导出了系统谐振时非线性相关因子的表达式。用该方法分析了简单电力系统中出现的模态谐振情况,获得了良好的效果,由此验证了本文所提出方法及谐振时2阶非线性相关因子的正确性。     

改进的单级功率因数校正AC/DC变换器拓扑的研究

单级功率因数校正(简称单级PFC)由于控制电路简单、成本低、功率密度高在中小功率场合得到了广泛的应用。但是单级PFC中存在一些问题,如储能电容电压随输入电压和负载的变化而变化,在输入高压或轻载时,电容电压可能达到上千伏,变换器的效率低,开关损耗大等缺点。介绍了几种改进的拓扑结构来解决这些问题。     

基于零序谐波电流注入的三相功率因数校正技术研究

提出一种基于零序电流注入的三相高功率因数校正拓扑电路,采用四芯柱三相变压器实现零序电流注入,控制输入电流,使其瞬时跟踪整流输出电压的正半周和负半周波形,在三相无中线的电源系统中实现了装置输入的高功率因数,抑制了电力电子装置的网侧电流谐波。同时,该文分析了电网电压不对称不影响零序电流注入电路,实验结果也表征了这点。最后,通过对实验装置的测试,给出了实验结果,验证了本文提出的高功率因数校正拓扑电路是正确性的。