高压静电场解冻技术在肉类及肉制品中的应用

高压静电技术具有能耗低、不影响食品品质等优点,已逐渐成为当前食品贮藏与保鲜领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了高压静电技术的作用机理及其在肉类和果蔬保鲜中的应用现状,重点从酶活改变、跨膜电位和冰晶形成等方面综述其保鲜作用机理,同时从降低呼吸强度、减少汁液流失、抑制微生物生长等方面综述其保鲜应用效果,并对其发展趋势进行了讨论和展望,以期为高压静电技术的工业化应用提供参考。     

The Application of Heat Pump in Drying of Biomaterials

The UN estimates that 6.4 billion people will be living on Earth by the year 2000. As a consequence, dried biomaterials demand will rise and equipments will have to be built or redesigned to accomadate changes. The design and innovations on industrial dryers require fundamental knowledge conceived in laboratory units. The new heat pump dryer operates at a wide relative humidity and the air temperature is adjustable from -20 to 100'C. Above and belw freezing point drying modes are done in the same plant which allows the control of biomaterial properties. The technique consists of two stages, unbound weakly held water removal by freeze drying. and tightly bound moisture desorption by medium temperature drying. The fluidized and shelf heat pump dryers have the required features to dry heat sensitive biomaterials. The dryers were built and extensive research on biomaterials has been conducted at The Norwegian Institute of Technology. Many emeriments were done on effect of heat pump drying conditions on-enrime and biological active bacteria solutions, fruits, cod fish, fish feed and shrimps. At optimum heat drying conditions, the bacteria Rhodococcus reached 100% viability and dried biomolecules attained full biolosical activity. The heat pump dryer allowed adjustment of the bio-mterial properties and quality according to its phase, shape and size. Dried samples showed improvements on survival rate. rehydration, colour, hardness and mono-multimolecular sorption isotherms over poorly dried products. Beneficial results were achieved for nearly all tests. This indicates that the heat pump dryer application has high potential in processing heat sensitive biomaterials.     

Bioprotective Leuconostoc strains against Listeria monocytogenes in fresh fruits and vegetables

Ten Leuconostoc mesenteroides and one Ln. citreum strains isolated from fresh fruit and vegetables were tested for their antagonistic capacity against Listeria monocytogenes. Genetic differences among strains were analyzed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All the isolates clustered together and differed from the type strain Ln. mesenteroides ATCC 8293 as well as from Ln. fallax and Ln. citreum. Organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins were detected as main inhibition mechanisms. Characterization of culture supernatants from the bacteriocinogenic strains, CM135 and CM160 revealed a high resistance of antibacterial activity to temperature and pH, and a bactericidal mode of action against L. monocytogenes. Produced bacteriocins belonged to the Class IIa and sequencing of genes showed complete homology with mesentericin Y105. A study of the effect of the relative dose of pathogen and LAB on control of L. monocytogenes in wounds of Golden Delicious apples and Iceberg lettuce leaf cuts was performed. A comparison of the dose of bioprotective strain needed for a ten fold reduction of the viable pathogen concentration (ED(90)) revealed that strain CM160 was the most effective against L. monocytogenes. ED(90) values varied from 1.3.10(4) to 5.0.10(5) cfu.g(-1) or wound, at ranges of pathogen levels from 1.0.10(3) to 5.0.10(4) cfu.g(-1) of lettuce or wound of apple. The efficiency of the strains was also calculated as the ratio of the ED(90) value to the pathogen dose inoculated. The lowest ratio was found for strain CM160 at 5 to 50 cells of LAB per cell of pathogen. The strain offers potential application for prevention of the presence of L. monocytogenes in fresh fruit and vegetables.     

Whey Protein Coatings for Fresh Fruits and Relative Humidity Effects

ABSTRACT: Whey protein isolate (WPI) films have proven to be excellent gas barriers in previous studies, making them potential coatings for fresh produce. WPI‐coated apples and controls were stored at 20 °;C under RH's ranging from 54 to 92%. Results showed performance of WPI coatings depended on the environment RH. The internal oxygen was lowered, and carbon dioxide increased with decreasing RH conditions. RH did not affect control fruits. At low RH (about 70 to 80% RH), anaerobic respiration was induced in coated fruits due to low oxygen levels (about 0.025 atm). Controlling thickness and film permeability will allow attainment of the appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels for coated fruit.     

不同生长期枸杞果中微量氟的快速测定

研究枸杞果生长过程中氟含量的变化。采集郑州市区天然生长的同丛枸杞青果、黄果和红果,用超声波浸提,离子选择性电极浓度直读法快速测定样品中的微量氟。结果表明：枸杞果水分含量在成熟过程中逐渐增高;枸杞果氟含量在成熟过程中逐渐降低,青果、黄果、红果中氟含量依次为0.68、0.57、0.53μg/g;样品测定的RSD 小于3%(n=5),加标回收率为97.0%～105.0%,该法简便快速、实用性强,利于推广普及。     

Simultaneous determination of afidopyropen and its metabolite in vegetables,fruit and soil using UHPLC-MS/MS

A new analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) procedure for simultaneous determination of afidopyropen and its metabolite M440I007 residues in tomato, watermelon, pepper, cucumber, pear, grape, cabbage and soil samples was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The target compound was determined in less than 5.0 min using an electrospray ionisation source in positive mode (ESI⁺). The limit of quantification was 1 μg kg^?1 in different matrices. Two sorbents primary secondary amine and graphitised carbon black were used in the QuEChERS procedure, and matrix-matched standards gave satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) values in different matrices at three spiked levels (1, 10 and 500 μg kg^?1). For afidopyropen, the recoveries ranged from 83% to 104% with an intra-day relative standard deviation (RSDr) of 1–8%, while they were from 80% to 103% with RSDr of 2–8% for M440I007. Reproducibility ranged between 1% and 19% for the three spiked levels.     

诃子果实活性成分提取及抗氧化活性研究

目的研究诃子果实不同萃取物及乙酸乙酯相各分离部分的抗氧化活性差异。方法用超声波法提取诃子果实的活性成分,依次用乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,比较不同萃取物的得率、总酚含量并采用DPPH法和ABTS法测定其抗氧化活性,抗坏血酸(VC)作为阳性对照。结果乙酸乙酯萃取物得率、总酚含量及抗氧化活性均显著高于其余萃取物(P0.05)。将乙酸乙酯萃取物通过Toyoperal 40-C柱进一步分离得到8个部分(Fragment 1-Fragment 8),其中Fragment 8和Fragment 2的抗氧化活性均高于VC,且Fragment 2的得率为Fragment 8的3.33倍。结论诃子果实不同萃取物抗氧化活性不同,其中乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗氧化活性较高。     

Exploring relationships between satiation,perceived satiety and plant-based snack food features

We aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant-based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid-morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant-based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety.     

Model studies of migration from paper and board into fruit and vegetables and into Tenax™ as a food simulant

Four samples of paper and board (P/B) of a type used for packaging dry foods were subjected to migration tests using mushrooms, apples, potatoes and bananas, and using the polymeric powder Tenax? as a food simulant. The P/B samples contained only low levels of diisopropylnaphthalene (DiPN) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and so the experiments were conducted after impregnating the P/B with added model substances. These were o-xylene, acetophenone, dodecane, benzophenone, DiPN and DiBP. Migration levels depended strongly on the nature of the substance and on the nature of the food and much less on the characteristics of the P/B, except insofar as they affected the contact area – flexible papers giving more extensive contact with the food than thick rigid board. Migration into Tenax? was at least a factor of 10 higher than migration into the fresh fruit and vegetables. The food samples were placed in contact with the P/B and then overwrapped loosely with aluminium foil and so this correction factor will tend to be conservative compared with a more open storage of the packed foods. Washing, peeling or cooking the fruits and vegetables after contact with the P/B had a surprisingly small effect on contaminant levels in general, and no one processing step was effective in giving a significant reduction of all the types of chemicals studied. This was because either they had penetrated into the food (so resisting peeling), or were not freely water-soluble (so resisting washing) or were not particularly volatile (so resisting loss by evaporation during cooking).     

佛手瓜多酚氧化酶酶学特性研究

以佛手瓜中的多酚氧化酶为研究对象,对其酶学特性的研究表明：佛手瓜果实多酚氧化酶的最适pH 值为7.5,最适温度为30℃,底物浓度与酶活性呈正相关;该酶迅速催化焦性没食子酸的酶促氧化反应,但对邻苯二酚、对苯二酚和间苯二酚的催化活性较低。抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、四硼酸钠、MgCl2 和EDTA-2Na 对佛手瓜多酚氧化酶的抑制作用依次减弱,抗坏血酸、柠檬酸对佛手瓜多酚氧化酶的抑制作用随着浓度的升高而加强。