果蔬采后商品化处理要点综述

主要阐述了果蔬采后商品化处理的概念、意义和灵活性，并比较详细的介绍了采后商品化处理应着重掌握的主要技术环节。     

微生物控制在切割果蔬安全中的应用

切割果蔬中的病原微生物是影响其安全的重要因素，本文综述了利用微生物保障切割果蔬安全的主要作用方式，包括拮抗作用、抑制作用、侵染作用以及多种方式的联合作用，并提出了微生物控制促进切割果蔬安全的发展方向。     

Behaviour of aroma volatiles during the evaporative concentration of some tropical fruit juices and pulps

The dynamics of aroma separation from some tropical fruit juices and pulps was studied using a thin film evaporator. In the case of mango (Mangifera indica Linn, Alphonso and Totapuri varieties) and guava (Psidium guajava Linn) pulps, 90% of each of the volatile fraction, esters, carbonyls and alcohols, was removed at 30–35% evaporation of the water in a single pass. In the case of pineapple (Ananas sativa Schult F) juice, 90% separation of esters and carbonyls required about 80% and 47% evaporation, respectively. However, the behaviour of alcohols in pineapple juice was found to be similar to that of mango and guava. Mango pulp from Alphonso and Totapuri varieties on 60% evaporation showed a loss in oxygenated terpenes of 80% and 63%, respectively, while guava pulp lost about 58% oxygenated terpenes on 60% concentration. The dynamics of the total aroma volatiles separation from the fruit juices and pulps showed that, in a single pass evaporation, 85–90% volatiles were removed at a juice evaporation degree of 60% water, while the same extent of aroma removal occurred at 32–35% total evaporation by multiple pass.     

Simultaneous quantitative determination,identification and qualitative screening of pesticides in fruits and vegetables using LC-Q-Orbitrap™-MS

A method based on QuEChERS extraction and LC-quadrupole-Orbitrap? MS detection was established utilising an improved fully non-targeted way of data acquisition with and without fragmentation. A full-scan acquisition event without fragmentation (resolving power 70 000) was followed by five consecutive fragmentation events (variable data independent acquisition – vDIA; resolving power 35 000) where all ions from the full-scan range are fragmented. Compared with fragmentation in a single event (all-ion fragmentation – AIF), this improves both selectivity and sensitivity for the fragment ions, which is beneficial for screening performance and identification capability. The method was validated, using the data from the same measurements, for two types of analysis: quantitation/identification and qualitative screening. The quantitative validation, performed according to the guidelines in SANCO/12571/2013, tested the performance of the method for 184 compounds in lettuce and orange at two spiking levels: 10 and 50 ng g^?1. The validation showed that the vast majority of the compounds met the criteria for trueness and precision set in the SANCO guidance document. In the qualitative validation the same 184 compounds were used to test the untargeted screening capabilities of the method. In this validation the compounds were spiked at three levels into 11 different fruit and vegetable matrices, which were measured twice on separate days. Taking all data from the qualitative validation together, an overall detection rate of 92% was achieved at the 10 ng g^?1 level, increasing to 98% at 200 ng g^?1. A screening detection limit (as defined in the SANCO guidelines) of 10 ng g^?1 could be achieved for 134 compounds. For 39 and two pesticides the SDL was 50 and 200 ng g^?1, respectively. For the other nine compounds no SDL could be established. The identification (ion ratio) criteria as recommended in the SANCO document could be met for 93% of the detected pesticide/matrix/concentration combinations. The outcome of both validations shows that the described method can be used to combine quantitative analysis and the identification of frequently detected pesticides (so far typically done using triple quadrupole MS/MS) with a qualitative screening to be used for a wide range of less frequent detected compounds in one measurement.     

The perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination of fruits and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables play a major role in human nutrition due to richness of nutrients, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals. As dietary intake is identified as one of the dominant exposure pathways to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a cross-sectional study involving determination of their levels in food of plant origin has been conducted. Locally-grown and imported fruit and vegetable samples, collected in 2016 were inspected for 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) using QuEChERS as sample pre-treatment procedure followed by micro-HPLC-MS/MS. Three of 10 target analytes, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were quantitatively determined. The detection frequency for PFASs across the 55 samples analysed was less than 10%. The major contributor of the total PFASs concentration in the investigated group was PFBA for which the concentration, reported only for banana, apple and orange samples, was 50.740 ng g^?1 ww. The most often detected compound was PFOA. The origin and growing region are possible factors with the potential to influence PFASs distribution profile and their levels in food.     

Octane-1,3-diol and its derivatives from pear fruits

 In extracts obtained by liquid-liquid extraction from seven pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, octane-1,3-diol, 5(Z)octene-1,3-diol, methyl 3-hydroxyoctanoate, ethyl 3-hydroxyoctanoate and ethyl 5(Z)-3-hydroxyoctenoate were identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Evaluation of the absolute configuration was achieved by multidimensional gas chromatography, using a polar achiral column (DB-Wax) and a chiral main column (2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin/OV 1701). Comparison of retention times of synthesized optically enriched reference compounds with those of isolated diols and hydroxy esters revealed (R)-configurations for the 3-hydroxy derivatives, exhibiting enantiomeric excesses greater than 99%. In addition, (2S, 4R)- and (2R, 4R)-2-methyl-4-pentyl-1,3-dioxane as well as (2S, 4R)- and (2R, 4R)-2-methyl-4-(2′(Z)-pentenyl)-1,3-dioxane, products formed by acetaldehyde and octane-1,3-diol or 5(Z)-octene-1,3-diol, respectively, were detected in pear fruits. Received: 13 February 1997     

茉莉酸甲酯在采后果蔬品质控制中的应用

茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)是环戊酮衍生物之一,茉莉酸甲酯作为植物体内一类信号物质,在植物的生长发育、应激反应和次生代谢过程中发挥类似激素的作用,对植物的生长发育和防御系统都具有一定影响。本论文通过对茉莉酸甲酯对采后果蔬品质控制中的应用进行综述。茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)通过诱导果蔬产生并提高细胞壁水解酶(如几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)和抗性物质合成酶(如苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶)的活性,从而增强果蔬对机械损伤和病原侵染的抗性。同时,茉莉酸甲酯还能能够诱导植物防御基因的表达,诱导果蔬产生一系列具有防御功能的次生代谢物质(如花青素等)来改善果蔬保鲜品质。     

速冻橄榄的护色

通过橄榄冻前不同的处理工艺比较 ,发现青橄榄经 0 .2 %碳酸氢钠溶液浸泡不同时间后速冻解冻 ,对于阻止解冻后的色泽变化稍有作用 ,但是不明显 ;冻前热烫 ,0 .2 %碳酸氢钠溶液热烫比水热烫要好 ,其中以 0 .2 %碳酸氢钠溶液 90℃热烫 5s效果最好 ,可以维持样品 5h内色泽不出现明显的改变 ;经过微波处理后速冻 ,以 314W处理 15s的效果较好 ;以不同的护色液进行反压处理真空封口包装或者使果实表面形成糖衣的方法 ,对于橄榄解冻后护色 ,则具有更好的效果 .分析测定结果表明 ,经较好的护色方法处理 ,速冻解冻 9h的橄榄样品中的叶绿素含量与未速冻的原料中的叶绿素含量接近 .     

壳聚糖及其在果蔬保鲜中的应用研究概述

壳聚糖系从虾、蟹、昆虫等外壳及菌、藻类的细胞壁中提取的天然高分子化合物 ,具有良好的成膜性 ,可广泛用于各类果蔬的保鲜。在室温条件下 ,可使芒果、黄瓜、西红柿、香蕉、青椒等保鲜 10天以上。壳聚糖使用方法简便 ,是一种安全、高效、价廉的保鲜剂