泥页岩井壁稳定研究及在临盘地区的应用

从岩石力学和物理化学两个主要因素简要分析了井壁失稳的机理，指出泥页岩井壁失稳是由力学与化学两方面因素共同作用的结果。钻井液与泥页岩存在化学势差，并改变了井壁附近的孔隙压力，降低岩石强度。借助于井壁处有效应力的变化,将泥页岩与钻井液相互作用时页岩水化所产生的力学效应与纯力学效应结合起来，计算出任意井斜方位井眼围岩应力状态，利用测井资料求出有关岩石力学参数和Mohr Couloumb准则，计算得出防塌的临界钻井液密度。     

灰色预测模型在油气操作成本预测中的应用

油气操作成本是油气田生产消耗的主要项目，为了有效地控制油气操作成本，必须制定准确的油气操作成本计划。而油气操作成本在我国是最近几年才提出来的，数据项比较少，给油气操作成本预测带来一定的难度。为此，文章根据灰色预测的基本原理，采用灰色系统理论进行油气操作成本预测，就可以弥补对预测所需的数据少，而且也无须剔除不可比因素，只要所建模型能满足精度要求，预测结果就可以信赖。     

用于磁场测量的高精度500A/30V零压开关直流稳流电源

研制了一种带有无源辅助网络的全桥移相脉宽调制零压开关(FB PSPWMZVS)高精度磁铁稳流电源,并在电磁铁磁场测量中得到应用,其电流稳定度在8h内优于±1×10-4。     

Expanding the analytical potential of channel locational probability maps using cellular statistics

The planimetric shifts in channel location of large alluvial rivers are a critical component in the creation of diverse structures and functions in riverine habitats. Engineered management schemes must also compensate for this type of channel change to protect resources and maintain navigation channels. The stability of the Lower Mississippi River channel was assessed through an analysis of historical records of channel position produced and archived by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Channel location was recorded for the years 1765, 1820, 1881, 1915, 1930, 1937, 1960 and 1970. Channel stability was measured by two introduced metrics on a cell‐by‐cell basis: (1) the standard deviation of Euclidean distance to a channel cell for the entire period of record, and (2) the rate of Euclidean distance change between years in the period of record. At a coarse spatial scale, channel instability increased in the downstream direction. The variability of channel stability also increased in the downstream direction. Analysis of this variability identified alternating areas of high and low stability occurring with greater frequency as distance downstream increased. These findings are validated by past studies of channel stability along the Lower Mississippi River. As a result, the proposed metrics provide a consistent, quantitative, efficient and cost‐effective means of identifying areas of channel instability at several spatial scales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A closed loop exponential feeding law: Invariance and global stability analysis

This article addresses the computation of invariant control laws [A. Fradkov, I. Miroshnik, V. Nikiforov, Nonlinear and Adaptive Control of Complex Systems, Kluwer, 1999] for fed-batch fermenters represented by two standard models. It will be shown how to derive partial state feedbacks that, assuming ideal conditions and perfect model, keep the specific growth rate μ constant provided the initial conditions are adequate. The invariant control law is the closed loop version of the exponential feeding already suggested in several references as shown later. The paper presents an analysis of invariance and a study of global stability within the framework of partial stability. That is, stability with respect to some of the state variables. This enables us to treat the case with Haldane-like or non-monotonous kinetics.     

Towards implementation of a nickel silicide process for CMOS technologies

In this paper, we review some of the advantages and disadvantages of nickel silicide as a material for the electrical contacts to the source, drain and gate of current and future CMOS devices. We first present some of the limitations imposed on the current cobalt silicide process because of the constant scaling, of the introduction of new substrate geometries (i.e. thin silicon on insulator) and of the modifications to the substrate material (i.e. SiGe). We then discuss the advantages of NiSi and for each of the CoSi₂ limitations, we point out why Ni is believed to be superior from the point of view of material properties, miscibility of phases and formation mechanisms. Discussion follows on the expected limitations of NiSi and some of the possible solutions to palliate these limitations.     

低密度微泡沫压井液的研究与应用

吐哈油田部分区块地层压力系数小于0.9,常规水基压井液对储层伤害大,若使用油基压井液成本高,环境污染严重。通过实验优选出了一种低密度水基微泡沫压井液。该压井液具有密度低、泡沫强度高、稳定性好、携砂能力强等优点。现场应用表明,低密度微泡沫压井液稳定时间大于48 h,密度在0.70~0.99 g/cm3之间可调,抗油污染能力强,抗油大于8%,抗温在100℃以上,岩心污染后渗透率恢复值大于80%;并且施工方便,成本低,具有储层保护能力,使用微泡沫压井液的井表皮系数在0.20~2.34之间。     

WuM1-1羽状分支水平井充气钻井液技术

WuM1-1井由1口多分支水平井和1口采气的直井组成。该井斜井段短,井斜率在30°/100 m以上,主井眼和10个分支井段总进尺6182 m,98%以上在煤层中钻进,煤层脆、压实性较好,更易发生掉块。为满足钻井对井壁稳定性、润滑性、井眼净化以及煤层保护等的要求,采用钾铵基聚合物防塌钻井液进行充气欠平衡钻井,在钻进中保持钻井液有合适的粘度、切力,选用合适的注气压力和注气量以及当量钻井液密度;每钻完一个立柱坚持循环几分钟,上下划眼一次,并泵入CMC高粘钻井液,配合有效使用固控设备,尽量使井眼干净;复配使用粉末状固体润滑剂和液体润滑剂。该钻井液性能稳定,易于维护,悬浮携岩能力强,润滑性好,井眼畅通,保证了WuM1-1井安全、快速、优质施工。该井在煤层钻进中无阻卡现象,井壁稳定,没有出现井壁掉块或井垮现象,水平连通一次成功,10口分支井悬空侧钻一次成功,只用57 d即顺利完井,比该地区常规钻井快49倍。     

Heavy Metals Bioremediation from Polluted Water by Glass-Ceramic Materials

The objective of this research was to study the removal of cadmium and lead from an aqueous solution through a biological treatment. For this purpose a glass-ceramic material was manufactured from industrial and urban wastes. Biofilms of microorganisms found in wastewater were developed on its surface, and continuous tests were conducted in the presence and absence of the biofilm to analyze the glass-ceramic's ability to remove the heavy metals from an aqueous environment. The results suggest that this bioremediation process, developed on an industrial scale, could represent an alternative to the chemical processes currently used.     

Enhanced thermal stability of a sputtered titanium-nitride film as a diffusion barrier for capacitor-bottom electrodes

The effect of a thin RuO_x layer formed on the Ru/TiN/doped poly-Si/Si stack structure was compared with that on the RuO_x/TiN/doped poly-Si/Si stack structure over the post-deposition annealing temperature ranges of 450–600°C. The Ru/TiN/poly-Si/Si contact system exhibited linear behavior at forward bias with a small increase in the total resistance up to 600°C. The RuO_x/TiN/poly-Si/Si contact system exhibited nonlinear characteristics under forward bias at 450°C, which is attributed to no formation of a thin RuO_x layer at the RuO_x surface and porous-amorphous microstructure. In the former case, the addition of oxygen at the surface layer of the Ru film by pre-annealing leads to the formation of a thin RuO_x layer and chemically strong Ru-O bonds. This results from the retardation of oxygen diffusion caused by the discontinuity of diffusion paths. In particular, the RuO_x layer in a nonstoichiometric state is changed to the RuO₂-crystalline phase in a stoichiometric state after post-deposition annealing; this phase can act as an oxygen-capture layer. Therefore, it appears that the electrical properties of the Ru/TiN/poly-Si/Si contact system are better than those of the RuO_x/TiN/poly-Si/Si contact system.