Evaluation of the Missouri River shallow water habitat using a 2D‐hydrodynamic model

Many of the Upper Missouri River dikes have been notched to create additional shallow water habitat (SWH, operationally defined as areas in the stream with depth < 1.5 m, and velocity < 0.75 m s^?1) for fish populations. The goal of this study was to quantify the additional SWH gained from notching these dikes and to evaluate their performance under different flow conditions. A coupled field and numerical study was performed on a reach of the Missouri River, near Nebraska City, NE, which contains a number of dikes notched in 2004. The numerical simulations showed that the SWH criterion for depth was more difficult to satisfy in the study reach than the SWH criterion for velocity. Notching the dikes resulted in a slight shift of the bankline due to local erosion in the vicinity of the dikes and the formation of scour holes downstream of the notches. Results from the study suggested that notching the dikes had limited impact on the SWH because the area gained from the bankline shift was offset by the area lost from the scour holes formation. The performance of the notched dikes in sustaining the minimum habitat suitability conditions for the Missouri River ecosystem was also investigated. These conditions corresponded to discharges < 709 m³ s^?1 for the period from mid‐July to mid‐August, or equivalently SWH areas > 5225 m² dike^?1 during the same period. Analysis of the Missouri River annual discharge records at the study site showed that the dikes can provide the minimum required SWH for mean annual discharges < 667 m³ s^?1. For mean annual discharges > 667 m³ s^?1, new alternative structures or restoration facilities were needed, in addition to the existing dikes, to sustain the minimum required SWH. The dikes were not effective in providing any SWH for mean annual discharges > 2000 m³ s^?1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural,morphological, optical,and magnetic properties of Ni-doped CuO nanostructures prepared by a rapid microwave combustion method

In the present paper, we report a facile and rapid microwave-assisted combustion synthesis method for the preparation of pure and Ni-doped CuO nanostructures with different weight ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 at wt% of Ni). The structure and morphology of the pure and Ni-doped CuO samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD patterns refined by the Rietveld method indicated the formation of single-phase monoclinic structure and also confirmed that Ni ions are successfully doped into CuO crystal lattice by occupying Cu ionic sites. Interestingly, the morphology was found to transform substantially from nanoflowers to nanoparticles with close-packed periodic array, and then into nanocrystals with the variation of Ni content. The optical band gap estimated using DRS was found to be 3.9 eV for pure CuO and then increases up to 4.3 eV with increasing Ni content. PL spectra at room temperature showed a strong green emission band, and thereby confirmed the above results. Magnetic measurements reveal a room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) with an optimum value of saturation magnetization of 1.3140×10⁻³ emu/g for 2.0 wt% of Ni.     

Charge measurement using an array of Faraday’s Cups on a printed circuit board

An absolute method of measuring charge is to use a Faraday Cup (FC) principle. This study relates to a novel method of measuring charge on a flat substrate, which is coated with charged powder particles. The substrate consists of an array of FC with different dimensions. The sensor is manufactured using flame-retardant printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The objective of this work is to reduce the charge sharing by developing a grounded shield cup around each conductive cup in the array and accordingly increase cup-to-ground capacitance. The results have confirmed that the improved well shielding would provide a more accurate quantitative charge measurement.     

Advancement of an Interferometric Flow Velocity Measurement Technique by Adaptive Optics

Flow measurements often take place under difficult conditions. Optical flow measurement techniques are affected by variations of the refractive index, caused e.g., by temperature, concentration, or pressure gradients. This will give rise to an increased measurement uncertainty or cause the measurement to fail. To overcome these limitations, we propose the employment of adaptive optics. In this contribution we present interferometric flow velocity measurements through a fluctuating air-water interface by the use of adaptive optics. Using the adaptive optics, the rate of valid measurement signals can be improved from 28% to 83%. The results are promising to enable measurements in difficult environments affected by refractive index variations which were not accessible so far.     

Modelling of through-hole electrodeposition Part II: Experimental study

Current distribution measurements in through-hole electrodeposition were made on sectioned copper electrodes in a cylindrical flow channel. Two copper plating solutions with the same copper sulfate concentration but with different sulfuric acid concentrations were used. Experiments were conducted potentiostatically and under steady-state conditions. Results were compared with those from the theoretical model.     

W-type hexaferrite nanoparticles: A consideration for microwave attenuation at wide frequency band of 0.5-10 GHz

The static and dynamic magnetic properties of W-type hexaferrites are tuned to meet the requirements of wide band frequencies for attenuation of electromagnetic interference and microwave absorptions purposes. For this purpose, the W-type hexaferrite of entirely new composition of BaCoZnFe_16−2yAl_yCe_yO₂₇ (y = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) has been synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation. The material is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The complex permittivity (?_r = ?′ − j?″) and permeability (μ_r = μ′ − jμ″) spectra are determined using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) in a range from 0.5 GHz to 10 GHz. During this study, it is noticeable that the Al³⁺ and Ce³⁺ ions have considerable effect on the shape of the nanoparticles. Samples having Al-Ce contents y = 0.2 and y = 0.4 showed large values for magnetization (70.5 emu/g) and remanent magnetization (32.9 emu/g). In addition, more than 99% absorption (>−20 dB) is noted for this sample composition. Based on these results it is concluded that the microwave absorption characteristics of these compounds can be tuned for the required frequency by varying the thickness of the absorber. Due to this reason, potential employment of the synthesized nanoparticles for absorption of electromagnetic radiations at wide frequency band of 0.5-10 GHz has been proposed.     

精磨光学元件面形的干涉检测技术研究

为解决传统接触式检测方法检测精磨光学元件效率低,精度差的问题,提出了一种采用干涉检测技术对精磨光学元件面形进行测量方法,该方法具有非接触,测量效率高,误差小的特点。干涉检测中干涉条纹的对比度与工作波长成正比,与表面粗糙度成反比,干涉条纹对比度直接影响最终的检测结果。因此首先分析干涉条纹对比度与精磨表面粗糙度之间的关系,证明采用可见光干涉仪对精磨粗糙表面进行检测的可行性,并对利用GPI型数字干涉仪检测精磨粗糙表面进行了实验验证,检测面形结果约为PV 1.5μm,并与红外干涉仪以及接触式轮廓仪测量结果进行了对比,验证结果有效性。最后给出了当粗糙度阈值Rq优于150 nm时,可采用该方法进行检测,具有较高的实用价值。     

Towards Eliminating the Displacement Bias Due to Out‐Of‐Plane Motion in 2D Inverse Problems: A Case of General Rigid‐Body Motion

This article reports an important development related to the inverse characterization of material constitutive parameters using 2D optical displacement field measurements. The out‐of‐plane motion of the specimen, which has traditionally been considered detrimental to the accuracy of these experiments, is generally of two types: (a) a global out‐of‐plane rigid‐body motion of the specimen relative to the camera and (b) out‐of‐plane deformations resulting from material heterogeneity or out‐of‐plane loads. In an earlier article, we proposed to partially relax the condition of no out‐of‐plane motion by allowing for (b) in 2D inverse procedures, in the context of finite element update method, and introduced a compensation strategy by redefining the cost function on the object plane of the acquisition system. The experimental errors due to (a) were assumed negligible. Here, we propose that the global rigid‐body motion (a) may also be recovered within the inverse procedures, hence completely waiving the condition of strictly in‐plane displacements for inverse problems. The recovery is achieved by identifying and including the possible modes of global rigid‐body motion within the cost function together with careful selection of test configuration. The effects of individual rigid‐body modes on the computed displacement fields are studied in detail and utilized as a guideline for selection of test configuration. The approach is fully demonstrated and validated by simulated as well as real experiments for determining elastic constants of isotropic and orthotropic materials using different experimental setups. Effects of improving the optimization routine, for cost function minimization, and experimental noise are also presented.     

Neural approach for temperature‐dependent modeling of GaN HEMTs

Gallium nitride high electron‐mobility transistors have gained much interest for high‐power and high‐temperature applications at high frequencies. Therefore, there is a need to have the dependence on the temperature included in their models. To meet this challenge, the present study presents a neural approach for extracting a multi‐bias model of a gallium nitride high electron‐mobility transistors including the dependence on the ambient temperature. Accuracy of the developed model is verified by comparing modeling results with measurements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京郊外近地面风场特性实测研究

基于北京延庆县某一近地风剖面观测点,观测获得了近地面冬季季风剖面实测数据,研究了近地风剖面的平均风速和风向角、湍流度、阵风因子、相干函数、湍流积分尺度和功率谱密度等风场特性参数,并与现行欧洲、美国、日本等相关国家规范进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：实测风速沿高度的变化规律除3.5m高度外,12.5m高度范围内实测结果与各国规范值基本符合;随着高度的增加,湍流度和阵风因子呈逐渐减小的趋势;实测湍流度结果与欧洲、美国、日本等相关规范湍流度取值较为接近,而与GB 50009-2012《建筑结构荷载规范》差异较大;10m高度范围内顺风向、横风向湍流积分尺度随着高度增加而增大,随着平均风速增大而增大,实测湍流积分尺度结果与国外规范值存在一定差异;随着测点间距增大,竖向相关性的衰减系数明显增大,且实测衰减系数结果与Davenport建议的衰减系数有明显差异;10m高度范围内各高度处的实测功率谱密度曲线基本一致,与已有经验谱有一定差异,但与Devenport谱接近。