Microvascular growth, development, and remodeling in the embryonic avian kidney: the interplay between sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenic mechanisms

Embryonic development is associated with extensive vascular growth and remodeling. We used immunohistochemical, light and electron microscopical techniques, as well as vascular casting methods to study the developing chick embryo kidney with special attention to the interplay between sprouting and intussusceptive vascular growth modes. During inauguration at embryonic day 5 (E5), the early mesonephros was characterised by extensive microvascular sprouting. By E7, the vascular growth mode switched to intussusception, which contributed to rapid kidney vasculature growth up to E11, when the first obvious signs of vascular degeneration were evident. The metanephros underwent similar phases of vascular development inaugurating at E8 with numerous capillary sprouts and changing at E13 to intussusceptive growth, which was responsible for vascular amplification and remodeling. A phenomenal finding was that future renal lobules arose as large glomerular tufts, supplied by large vessels, which were split into smaller intralobular feeding and draining vessels with subsequent formation of solitary glomeruli. This glomerular duplication was achieved by intussusception, i.e., by formation of pillars in rows and their successive merging to delineate the vascular entities. Ultimately, the maturation of the vasculature was achieved by intussusceptive pruning and branching remodeling. An interesting finding was that strong VEGF expression was associated with the sprouting phase of angiogenesis while bFGF was upregulated during the phase of intussusceptive microvascular growth. We conclude that microvascular growth and remodeling in avian kidney follows an adroitly crafted pattern, which entails a precise spaciotemporal interplay between sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenic growth modes supported partly by VEGF and bFGF.     

肾病患者营养素推荐之中外指南及专家共识对比

肾脏疾病特别是慢性肾病（Chronic Kidney Disease,CKD）已成为威胁全球的公共卫生健康问题,不仅严重危害到人类健康,也带来巨大的经济和社会负担。医学营养治疗（Medical Nutritiontherapy,MNT）可延缓CKD向终末期肾病（End-Stage Renal Disease,ESRD）的进展,MNT在CKD治疗过程中具有非常重要的作用。其中,口服营养补充剂（Oral Nutritional Supplement,ONS）具有安全有效且患者依从性高等优点。当肾病患者面临经口营养摄入不足的情况,ONS是其首选人工营养方式。ONS的研发应以医学和营养学的研究结果为依据,其安全性及临床应用均需要经过科学证实。权威机构发布的指南、专家共识是ONS产品配方设计的重要依据,因此有必要对比分析中外指南和专家共识对于不同阶段肾病患者的营养素推荐,为肾病特定营养产品开发提供借鉴,推动营养相关慢性病的防治。     

PAR2-Induced Tissue Factor Synthesis by Primary Cultures of Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Is Modified by Glucose Availability

Coagulopathies common to patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not fully understood. Fibrin deposits in the kidney suggest the local presence of clotting factors including tissue factor (TF). In this study, we investigated the effect of glucose availability on the synthesis of TF by cultured human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs) in response to activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). PAR2 activation by peptide 2f-LIGRLO-NH₂ (2F, 2 µM) enhanced the synthesis and secretion of active TF (~45 kDa) which was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist (I-191). Treatment with 2F also significantly increased the consumption of glucose from the cell medium and lactate secretion. Culturing HTECs in 25 mM glucose enhanced TF synthesis and secretion over 5 mM glucose, while addition of 5 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) significantly decreased TF synthesis and reduced its molecular weight (~40 kDa). Blocking glycosylation with tunicamycin also reduced 2F-induced TF synthesis while reducing its molecular weight (~36 kDa). In conclusion, PAR2-induced TF synthesis in HTECs is enhanced by culture in high concentrations of glucose and suppressed by inhibiting either PAR2 activation (I-191), glycolysis (2DOG) or glycosylation (tunicamycin). These results may help explain how elevated concentrations of glucose promote clotting abnormities in diabetic kidney disease. The application of PAR2 antagonists to treat CKD should be investigated further.     

纵隔神经内分泌癌的肾小球内转移

报告一例十分罕见的肾小球内癌转移病例。肾活检标本进行了光镜、免疫荧光、免疫组化及透射电镜检查。组织学观察,肾小球毛细血管内异常细胞堆积。免疫荧光结果：异常细胞IgG,IgA,IgM,C3,C1q,FRA,ALb,κ链及λ链均阴性。免疫组化染色异常细胞LCA及F8阴性,chrmogranin阳性。电镜观察异常细胞胞质内含特征性的致密核心颗粒。病理诊断神经内分泌癌肾小球内转移。上述结果显示,电镜检查及免疫组织化学方法对本例有诊断意义。     

浸泡处理对红芸豆的物理性质及蒸煮品质的影响

以红芸豆为原料,探讨不同浸泡温度(25、45、65℃)对芸豆物理性质及蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明:芸豆在浸泡过程中,随着浸泡温度升高与时间延长,其吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物溶出率等均呈增加的趋势,平衡吸水率常数则呈下降趋势;浸泡温度的提高有利于达到浸泡平衡及缩短浸泡时间。在加工性能方面,45℃下浸泡可显著缩短煮豆时间并提高煮熟红芸豆的品质。     

四甲基尿酸对镉致小鼠肾脏损伤的保护作用

本文主要研究了镉对小鼠肾脏的损伤程度及不同剂量条件下的四甲基尿酸对肾脏的保护作用效果。实验中采用对小鼠腹腔注射氯化镉建立氧化损伤肾脏组织模型。雄性昆明小鼠50只,随机分为空白组、损伤组、及低、中、高不同剂量保护组,共五组,每组十只。空白组和模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水,保护组依次用10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg的四甲基尿酸混悬液进行灌胃,连续处理14 d后,颈椎脱臼法处死,取出肾脏组织,检测肾脏内脂质过氧化(MDA)、蛋白羰基化(PCO)、一氧化氮(NO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,观察肾病理变化。结果表明,与空白组相比,模型组肾脏组织中MDA、PCO、NO含量显著升高(p0.01),分别为空白组的1.89倍、3.32倍、1.64倍,而SOD、CAT、GSH活性显著降低(p0.01),分别为空白组的76.25%、77.12%、45.61%。与模型组相比,保护组均不同程度降低了肾脏组织中MDA、PCO、NO含量,提高了SOD、CAT、以及GSH活性,降低肾脏损伤的程度,病理切片显示,中剂量四甲基尿酸保护肾脏损伤效果最佳。由结果可知,四甲基尿酸对镉致小鼠肾脏损伤程度起到一定的保护作用,能有效降低肾脏氧化损伤程度并维持酶与抗氧化酶的平衡状态,其机制可能与抗氧化有关。     

芸豆渣膳食纤维超声辅助酶法提取工艺优化及特性研究

超声波辅助复合酶(1.0%碱性蛋白酶和0.2%耐高温α-淀粉酶)酶解脱脂后的奶白花芸豆豆渣,提取其中的膳食纤维。研究了超声条件对水不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)和水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)提取率的影响,优化了提取工艺条件,并研究了芸豆渣膳食纤维的结构及理化性质。试验结果表明:超声时间25 min、功率250 W、温度60℃时,IDF提取率达到60.11%,SDF提取率为5.63%;两种膳食纤维的红外光谱中有特征吸收峰;SDF持水力比IDF高出1.828g/g,持油力高出0.69g/g。     

黑芸豆中花色苷色素的微波提取及功能特性研究

本研究对黑芸豆皮的花色苷色素的提取工艺及相关功能特性进行探讨。结果表明：以95％乙醇与1．5％盐酸（1：1,V／V）作为浸提液,并通过单因素和正交试验,确定提取的最佳条件：浸提微波功率500W,时间45s,料液比1：20（m／V）,提取次数3次。由黑芸豆色素的特性分析可知,该色素添加到食品中不仅可以着色,还具有抗氧化和抑菌效果。     

白菜、豆角榨取液对大鼠食物利用率及肝肾功能影响

通过富合硫氰酸盐、类黄酮类食物对大鼠食物利用率、肝肾功能的影响观察,结合对甲状腺的损伤,综合探讨此类植物化合物的生物学作用.模拟人体摄入食物类别、剂量及途径,给予实验大鼠不同剂量单一或联合富硫氰酸盐、类黄酮类食物,短期(30 d)喂养后,采血及取相关组织分析.表明各实验因素对大鼠进食量影响不明显,联合高剂量组在实验第一周略有下降,但随实验进程延长,后期与其余各组比较差异不明显.对大鼠体重影响不大.单一白菜、豆角组、高剂量组大鼠肝脏系数与对照组比较显著降低(P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.05);肾脏系数变化不明显;肝脏酶学指标ALT(丙氨酸氨基转移酶)/AST(天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶)各实验组较对照组相比显著减少(P＜0.01);血清总胆红素各组与对照组相比均有所减少,白菜组、豆角组、联合中量组(实验组Ⅱ)、联合高剂量组(实验组Ⅲ)更为明显(P＜0.01);血清尿素氮(BUN)豆角组、联合低剂量组(实验组Ⅰ)、联合中剂量组(实验组Ⅱ)、联合高剂量组(实验组Ⅲ)与对照组相比显著增加(P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.05、P＜0.05).结果表明随富硫氰酸盐、类黄酮类食物摄入量的增加,其对机体肝肾功能均有损伤,表现在肝脏更为明显.说明合理适量摄入的重要性,也提示盲目补充硫氰酸盐、类黄酮类会加重肝肾负担,对于有潜在甲状腺病史人群尤应引起重视.     

Allergenic responses of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv chitra) polypeptides in BALB/c mice recognized by bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis patients

Allergenicity potential of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv chitra) was assessed and attempts were made to identify the responsible proteins by pepsin digestibility assay and IgE immunoblotting. To evaluate allergenic potential, BALB/c mice were sensitized with red kidney bean proteins and levels of specific immunoglobulin, histamine, mast cell protease-1, cytokines and CCL-2 were measured. To confirm our findings in BALB/c, the studies were also extended to human subjects. Human sera collected from control subjects and allergic patients after skin prick test were used for IgE immunoblotting, measuring the levels of total and specific IgE and determining cross reactivity of red kidney bean with other legumes. Red kidney bean allergenic potential was evident by significant increase in specific IgE, IgG1, histamine, mast cell protease-1 and Th2 cytokine levels in comparison to control. Enhanced level of eosinophils in jejunum, prominent anaphylactic symptoms, and eruptive histopathological changes give indication towards red kidney beans allergenicity. IgE immunoblotting detected five protein components with molecular weights of approximately 170, 100, 43, 34 and 20 kDa. Red kidney bean proteins showed cross reactivity with peanut, soybean, chickpea and black gram. Finally, this work demonstrated that red kidney beans may induce allergic response in mice similar to human subjects, with identification of five clinically relevant allergenic protein components.