Evaluation of Fracture Energy of Composite-Concrete Bonded Interfaces Using Three-Point Bend Tests

In this paper, a conventional test method using a notched three-point bending beam (3PBB) specimen is adapted to characterize Mode I fracture of composite-concrete bonded interfaces, and the interface fracture energy is evaluated based on a fictitious crack model. Two types of fiber fabrics—E-glass and carbon—are used, and a common epoxy resin is applied to bond the composite fabri?s to concrete. Mode I fracture tests of the 3PBB specimens for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)- and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-concrete bonded interfaces are performed to determine the applied load and load point displacement relationship from which the interface fracture energy is computed. The effects of loading rates, types of fiber fabrics, and curing time on the fracture energy of FRP-concrete bonded interfaces are studied and discussed. It is expected that the proposed experimental method can be used effectively to obtain fracture data for performing delamination studies under various environmental exposures and service loading.     

Analysis of Test Specimens for Cohesive Near-Bond Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Plated Concrete

The failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete (RC) members change due to the application of externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement. Although an extensive literature is available describing the failure mechanisms of poststrengthened flexural systems, brittle failure modes caused by bond failure, such as midspan debonding and end peeling, need to be further investigated in order to identify and quantify the fracture processes that result in bond failure. Simplified experimental tests have been designed to idealize the bond between the laminate and the RC member. However, it is unclear how the simplified test results can be related to the actual flexural debonding failures. This paper investigates and compares two bond failure tests: a simplified test (or simple shear test) and a recently proposed shear/normal test. After discussing the characteristics of both tests and how they relate to the midspan debonding and end peeling failures, the shear/normal test is studied in more detail using a nonlinear finite-element fracture mechanics program. The program accounts for cohesive localized and distributed concrete crack damage and is capable of describing the geometrical discontinuities that induce different brittle failure mechanisms. The numerical results compare well with available experimental data and help explain the crack formation and propagation pattern up to specimen failure. Parametric studies are presented to elucidate the influence of different material parameters on the failure mechanisms.     

Role of nanometer roughness on the adhesion and friction of a rough polymer surface and a molecularly smooth mica surface

Friction and adhesion measurements between surfaces of cross-linked, stiff polymers of varying roughness against smooth, bare mica surfaces were carried out in dry air as well as in the presence of lubricating oil. The nominal (macroscopic) contact area varies with the applied load according to the Johnson, Kendall and Roberts (JKR) theory, yet shows significant hysteresis due to the irreversibility arising from the loading/unloading curves of multiple asperities. Upon introducing the oil between the surfaces, the critical shear stress is reduced to zero due to the elimination of the adhesion force. However, the effect is less noticeable on the friction coefficient. Lastly, the effect of increasing the (RMS) roughness was greatest over the first few nanometers due to the diminution of the adhesion-controlled contribution to the friction, after which a further increase in roughness had less dramatic effects. A model is presented to account for the observed adhesion hysteresis during repeated loading/unloading cycles of purely elastically deforming rough surfaces. Bruno Zappone and Kenneth J. Rosenberg made equal contributions.     

Fretting fatigue crack initiation behavior using process volume approach and finite element analysis

This study investigates crack initiation behavior by incorporating fretting fatigue process volume. Three critical plane based fretting fatigue crack initiation parameters are characterized by computing their averaged values over the process volume and then comparing with their counterparts obtained from the localized approach. Two approaches are used: first one involves the computation of parameter at several points over a rectangular region and then its average, and second approach computes the average state of stress/strain over a radial region from which the averaged parameter is calculated. Both approaches require pre-determination of a critical location at or around which the process volume needs to be placed. Effects of size and location of process volume on the averaged value of parameters are studied in detail. Two radii of cylindrical pad are analyzed to investigate the effect of severity of stress gradient on process volume approach. Effects of finite element mesh refinement are also investigated. Averaged value of parameter decreases with the increase of process volume size. This decrease is higher when the process volume is located in the region that is away from the contact zone. Further, a parameter based on normal stress on the critical plane shows more dependence on the size of process volume than that based on shear stress or on a combination of both shear and normal stresses. Orientation of crack initiation changes within a range that is well within the scatter band of experimental observations as the process volume size increases. Averaged value of parameter for a pad with higher stress gradient has a larger reduction with the increase of process volume size than that with a lower stress gradient. Process volume size has less effect on the averaged value of parameter with coarser finite element mesh. Finally, the localized approach provides a conservative value of fretting fatigue crack initiation parameter compared to its counterpart based on the process volume.     

压力容器"破前漏"准则的实验研究

为了研究压力管道“破前漏”准则，完成了两组带裂纹圆筒的静压爆破实验实验证明爆破压力是由于裂纹穿透容器壁之后沿长度方向扩展的临界压力决定的，泄漏压力是裂纹沿深度方向扩展时由韧带的屈服撕裂所需要的极限压力决定的，前者与后者之比大于1，则泄漏失效，若该比值小于1则爆破失效。“破前漏”准则正确地预测了实验容器的失效方式，用此方法分析一些文献给出的实验数据，其实验结果和理论符合较好。     

摄动随机局部正交无网格伽辽金法

通过研究局部正交无网格伽辽金法和二阶摄动技术,构造了摄动随机局部正交无网格伽辽金法。该方法只需节点信息,不需将节点连成单元,随机场离散点与离散节点无需重合,不受单元制约。因此,结构离散随机变量个数的增加不会增加求解方程的个数,并保留使用正交基函数本解时的优点,避免了矩阵求逆,且导数具有通式,简洁明了,易于编程实现。采用罚函数法施加本质边界条件,不会增加未知量个数,收敛速度快。对含随机参数结构静力学问题进行了分析,算例证明了该方法的正确性与高效性,为解决结构随机响应问题提供了一种新方法。     

任意线弹性支承的双跨压杆稳定性计算

用初参数法,建立了任意线弹性支承的双跨压杆处于微弯曲平衡状态时,统一的变形方程、静力平衡方程和物理方程.由齐次线性方程组有非零解的条件,导出了临界压力的特征方程.借助软件,对中部铰支的9种完全理想支承的双跨压杆,和一个非完全理想支承的双跨压杆进行了稳定性计算,得到了长度因数与中部支承位置之间的关系,确定了中部支承的最佳位置和最小长度因数,以及最差位置和最大长度因数;同时发现定向-铰支-定向和定向-铰支-自由支承的双跨压杆的长度因数与中部铰支的具体位置无关,其大小依次为1和2.     

两端铰支压杆稳定问题的动态演示

轴向受压的细长弹性直杆,给杆以微小侧向干扰使其稍微弯曲,则在去掉干扰后会出现两种不同情况:当轴向受压较小时,压杆最终恢复其原有直线形状;当轴向受压较大时,则压杆形状不能恢复,甚至继续弯曲。本文以两端铰支的细长弹性直杆这一具体问题来细致描述稳定、临界和失稳。从设计思想、理论依据到处理方法阐述模拟过程,给出用户界面。     

岩石材料动态断裂韧性的实验研究

为了研究岩石类材料的动态力学性能及动态破坏机理,防止出现岩石爆裂造成灾难性破坏,根据中心裂纹圆盘试件断裂韧性测试方法和分离式霍普金森压杆的基本原理,在SHPB装置上测试了花岗岩的动态断裂韧性。对测试结果按照SHPB基本原理进行处理,以试件两端平均载荷带入准静态公式得到动态断裂韧性。处理结果表明,用试件两端平均载荷获得岩石动态断裂韧性的实验方法有效的;花岗岩的动态断裂韧性具有加载速率相关性,随着加载速率的增加断裂韧性增大。     

经典概率论与贝尔定理

本文证明,被双缝衍射实验否定的是如下先入为主的假定:微观粒子通过某一条缝到达屏上某处的概率,与另一条缝是否打开无关。考虑到“概率的加法定理”,这种看法可表成:“当一个粒子束通过一个带有两条缝的隔板到达一个屏上时,在两条缝同时打开的条件下单个粒子落在屏上某处的概率,等于在两条缝轮流打开的条件下该粒子落在该处的两个概率之和。”把两条缝同时打开还是轮流打开这样的实验条件称为“通道条件”,则上述命题可表成“概率不依赖于通道条件”。 另一方面,按照上面的用语,量子力学中的“概率幅的迭加原理”应表成“概率幅不依赖于通道条件”。相应地,我们把“概率不依赖于通道条件”这一错误的命题称为“概率的迭加假定”。 由于没有引进“通道条件”,人们混淆了“概率的迭加假定”和“概率的加法定理”两个命题。经典物理学默认概率的迭加假定,从而不能理解双缝衍射实验;量子力学则相反,为了说明双缝衍射实验而否定概率的加法公式,从而遇到诠释上的困难。 任何替代量子力学解释量子现象的理论都得说明双缝衍射实验,这就必须引进通道条件或引进概率幅。而贝尔定理涉及的隐变量理论却不满足这一先决条件,因此,它必然与实验事实相矛盾。这样我们就重新发现了洛查克的论据:贝尔不等式与定域性原理无